Abstract
Growth of young pea (Pisum sativum) fruit (pericarp) requires developing seeds or, in the absence of seeds, treatment with gibberellin (GA) or auxin (4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid). This study examined the role of seeds and hormones in the regulation of cell division and elongation in early pea fruit development. Profiling histone H2A and gamma-tonoplast intrinsic protein (TIP) gene expression during early fruit development identified the relative contributions of cell division and elongation to fruit growth, whereas histological studies identified specific zones of cell division and elongation in exocarp, mesocarp, and endocarp tissues. Molecular and histological studies showed that maximal cell division was from -2 to 2 d after anthesis (DAA) and elongation from 2 to 5 DAA in pea pericarp. Maximal increase in pericarp gamma-TIP message level preceded the maximal rate of fruit growth and, in general, gamma-TIP mRNA level was useful as a qualitative marker for expanding tissue, but not as a quantitative marker for cell expansion. Seed removal resulted in rapid decreases in pericarp growth and in gamma-TIP and histone H2A message levels. In general, GA and 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid maintained these processes in deseeded pericarp similarly to pericarps with seeds, and both hormones were required to obtain mesocarp cell sizes equivalent to intact fruit. However, GA treatment to deseeded pericarps resulted in elevated levels of gamma-TIP mRNA (6 and 7 DAA) when pericarp growth and cell enlargement were minimal. Our data support the theory that cell division and elongation are developmentally regulated during early pea fruit growth and are maintained by the hormonal interaction of GA and auxin.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Pea pericarp cell division peaked from -2 to 2 days after anthesis.
- Taxon
- Pea
Lathyrus oleraceust0 - Organ / stage
- pericarpe1
- Outcome
- cell divisione0
- Value
- -2 to 2 d after anthesis (DAA)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximal cell division was from -2 to 2 d after anthesis (DAA)”
t0“Pea Fruit”
e1“elongation from 2 to 5 DAA in pea pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Pea pericarp elongation peaked from 2 to 5 days after anthesis.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Organ / stage
- pericarpe0
- Outcome
- elongatione0
- Value
- 2 to 5 DAAe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elongation from 2 to 5 DAA in pea pericarp”
Claim · model-written summary
Peak gamma-TIP message increase preceded peak fruit growth.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Gene
- gamma-TIPe0
- Outcome
- pericarp gamma-TIP message levele0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maximal increase in pericarp gamma-TIP message level preceded the maximal rate of fruit growth”
t0“Pea Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
gamma-TIP mRNA was useful as a qualitative marker of expanding tissue.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Gene
- gamma-TIPe0
- Outcome
- qualitative marker for expanding tissuee0
- Comparator
- quantitative marker for cell expansione0
Not reportedValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gamma-TIP mRNA level was useful as a qualitative marker for expanding tissue, but not as a quantitative marker for cell expansion”
t0“Pea Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed removal rapidly reduced pericarp growth.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Seed removale0
- Outcome
- pericarp growthe0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed removal resulted in rapid decreases in pericarp growth and in gamma-TIP and histone H2A message levels.”
t0“Pea Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed removal rapidly reduced gamma-TIP and histone H2A message levels.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Seed removale0
- Outcome
- gamma-TIP and histone H2A message levelse0
- Direction
- decreasese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed removal resulted in rapid decreases in pericarp growth and in gamma-TIP and histone H2A message levels.”
t0“Pea Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
GA maintained growth processes in deseeded pericarp similarly to seeded fruit.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- GAe0
- Outcome
- these processese0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Comparator
- pericarps with seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA and 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid maintained these processes in deseeded pericarp similarly to pericarps with seeds”
t0“Pea Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid maintained growth processes in deseeded pericarp similarly to seeded fruit.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acide0
- Outcome
- these processese0
- Direction
- maintainede0
- Comparator
- pericarps with seedse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA and 4-chloroindole-3-acetic acid maintained these processes in deseeded pericarp similarly to pericarps with seeds”
t0“Pea Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Both hormones were required for intact-fruit-equivalent mesocarp cell size.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- both hormonese0
- Outcome
- mesocarp cell sizese0
- Comparator
- intact fruite0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both hormones were required to obtain mesocarp cell sizes equivalent to intact fruit”
t0“Pea Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
GA increased gamma-TIP mRNA at 6 and 7 DAA despite little pericarp growth or cell enlargement.
- Taxon
- PeaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- GA treatmente0
- Gene
- gamma-TIPe0
- Outcome
- gamma-TIP mRNAe0
- Direction
- elevatede0
- Qualifier
- 6 and 7 DAAe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA treatment to deseeded pericarps resulted in elevated levels of gamma-TIP mRNA (6 and 7 DAA) when pericarp growth and cell enlargement were minimal”
t0“Pea Fruit”
Claim · model-written summary
Early fruit cell division and elongation were interpreted as developmentally regulated and maintained by GA and auxin interaction.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Outcome
- cell division and elongatione0
- Qualifier
- hormonal interaction of GA and auxine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cell division and elongation are developmentally regulated during early pea fruit growth and are maintained by the hormonal interaction of GA and auxin”
The same questions in other papers
Gibberellic acid · molecular: expression · Lathyrus oleraceus (pea)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.