Abstract
Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) were found in seeds of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Antonovka), in amounts that increased in the order given. The levels slowly decreased during 30 days of stratification. Exogenous polyamines (PAs) affected germination of isolated embryos in a way dependent on the type of polyamine, its concentration, and the state of the embryo dormancy. The effect of Put and Spd on germination was stimulatory, while that of Spm was inhibitory. Stimulation of germination was also observed when embryos were treated with arginine, ornithine and methionine. Canavanine inhibited germination, and this effect was reversed by arginine or Put. Ethephon, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) present during seed stratification had no effect on the levels of endogenous PAs. Put and Spd did not change ethylene production, neither during seed stratification nor during embryo germination, whereas Spm reduced ethylene evolution. The data suggest that Spm plays a role in the maintenance of dormancy by preventing ethylene production, while Put and Spd participate in dormancy removal, independently of ethylene.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine, spermidine and spermine were detected in apple seeds in increasing amounts in that order.
- Taxon
- apple
Malus domesticae0 - Material
- Antonovkae0
- Organ / stage
- seedse0
- Outcome
- Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) were found in seeds of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Antonovka), in amounts that increased in the order given”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed polyamine levels decreased slowly over 30 days of stratification.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Outcome
- The levelse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- 30 days of stratificatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels slowly decreased during 30 days of stratification”
e1“seeds of apple ( Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Antonovka)”
e2“Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine stimulated isolated embryo germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- stimulatorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of Put and Spd on germination was stimulatory”
e1“Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) were found in seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermidine stimulated isolated embryo germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- stimulatorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effect of Put and Spd on germination was stimulatory”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Spermine inhibited isolated embryo germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae2
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- inhibitorye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of Spm was inhibitory”
e1“The effect of Put and Spd on germination was stimulatory, while that of Spm was inhibitory”
e2“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine stimulated embryo germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- argininee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- Stimulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stimulation of germination was also observed when embryos were treated with arginine, ornithine and methionine”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Ornithine stimulated embryo germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- ornithinee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- Stimulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stimulation of germination was also observed when embryos were treated with arginine, ornithine and methionine”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Methionine stimulated embryo germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- methioninee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- Stimulatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stimulation of germination was also observed when embryos were treated with arginine, ornithine and methionine”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Canavanine inhibited embryo germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Canavaninee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canavanine inhibited germination”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Arginine reversed the inhibitory effect of canavanine on germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- argininee0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- Canavaninee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canavanine inhibited germination, and this effect was reversed by arginine or Put”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Putrescine reversed the inhibitory effect of canavanine on germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Outcome
- germinatione0
- Direction
- reversede0
- Comparator
- Canavaninee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Canavanine inhibited germination, and this effect was reversed by arginine or Put”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethephon during stratification did not affect endogenous polyamine levels.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Ethephone0
- Outcome
- levels of endogenous PAse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) present during seed stratification had no effect on the levels of endogenous PAs”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Aminooxyacetic acid during stratification did not affect endogenous polyamine levels.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- aminooxyacetic acide0
- Outcome
- levels of endogenous PAse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) present during seed stratification had no effect on the levels of endogenous PAs”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Aminoethoxyvinylglycine during stratification did not affect endogenous polyamine levels.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- aminoethoxyvinylglycinee0
- Outcome
- levels of endogenous PAse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ethephon, aminooxyacetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) present during seed stratification had no effect on the levels of endogenous PAs”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Put did not change ethylene production during stratification or germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Pute0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- did not changee0
- Qualifier
- neither during seed stratification nor during embryo germinatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Put and Spd did not change ethylene production, neither during seed stratification nor during embryo germination”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Spd did not change ethylene production during stratification or germination.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Spde0
- Outcome
- ethylene productione0
- Direction
- did not changee0
- Qualifier
- neither during seed stratification nor during embryo germinatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Put and Spd did not change ethylene production, neither during seed stratification nor during embryo germination”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
Spm reduced ethylene evolution.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- ethylene evolutione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm reduced ethylene evolution”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed spermine maintains dormancy by preventing ethylene production.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Spme0
- Outcome
- maintenance of dormancye0
- Qualifier
- preventing ethylene productione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spm plays a role in the maintenance of dormancy by preventing ethylene production”
e1“seeds of apple”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors proposed Put and Spd participate in dormancy removal independently of ethylene.
- Taxon
- appleMalus domesticae1
- Treatment
- Put and Spde0
- Outcome
- dormancy removale0
- Qualifier
- independently of ethylenee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Put and Spd participate in dormancy removal, independently of ethylene”
e1“seeds of apple”
The same questions in other papers
(2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid · molecular: metabolites · Malus domestica (apple)Results differ
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →methionine · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
spermidine · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
ornithine · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
putrescine · physiology: hormones · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- no effect
spermine · physiology: hormones · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
arginine · growth · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
spermidine · physiology: hormones · Malus domestica (apple)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.