Abstract
Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) (genus Potexvirus) is a highly infectious virus that is responsible for significant losses in yield of tomato fruit (Solanum lycopersicum) across Europe, Asia, and the Americas in the last decade (1). During the winter growing season of 2008, uneven discoloration of tomato fruit from farms in Limpopo Province, South Africa, was detected at the Pretoria fresh produce market. Twenty fruit were randomly selected from five different suppliers in this region and the 100 samples were batched into subsamples of five fruit. Leaves with suspect mosaic and bubbling symptoms were also detected from farms in Limpopo and were thus sampled. Leaf and fruit samples were tested by double antibody-sandwich (DAS)-ELISA (2) using polyclonal antibodies against PepMV (Agdia, Elkhart, IN) combined with appropriate positive and negative controls. Fruit samples from two of the suppliers, and all leaf samples tested, reacted strongly with PepMV antibodies. Inoculum was prepared from pooled DAS-ELISA-positive leaf samples and inoculated onto 10, 4-week-old, susceptible S. lycopersicum cv. Rooikhaki seedlings. After 3 weeks, all inoculated plants had developed characteristic PepMV symptoms (2) including leaf bubbling, distortion, and curled leaves. Older leaves developed yellow spots and light/dark green leaf mosaic while apical regions were stunted and branches were distorted to form 'nettle-head' symptoms. Fruit surfaces were marbled or displayed flaming and uneven discoloration. Leaves from symptomatic plants were sampled for confirmation of PepMV infection by DAS-ELISA and all samples reacted positively with PepMV antibodies. Total RNA was extracted from 500-μg replicates of pooled leaf samples from infected plants with the RNeasy Plant Mini Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), and amplified by conventional two-step reverse-transcription-PCR using a PepMV-specific primer set: Ker 1 (2) and PepCP-R (4) for a 986-bp region, including the coat protein, of the PepMV genome. PCR products were cloned into pTZ57R/T vector (Fermentas, Vilnius, Lithuania [UAB]) and six clones were purified and sequenced using universal M13 primers (3). Phylogenetic analysis clustered the sequence with EU (European), LP (Peruvian), US1 (United States)/CH1 (Chilean) and US2/CH2 PepMV isolates. The PepMV isolate accessions for US2/CH2 (AY509927, FJ612601, EF408821, FJ212288, and DQ000985) were identified as the closest relatives based on 98 to 99% nucleotide similarity obtained using BLASTN. The coat protein sequence of the South African isolate was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. HQ872607). To our knowledge, this is the first confirmed report of PepMV in South Africa. Further studies are necessary to determine its incidence and spread in this country. The presence of PepMV signals the urgent need for adoption of appropriate phytosanitary measures to restrict the spread and impact of this virus. References: (1) I. M. Hanssen and B. P. H. J. Thomma. Mol. Plant Pathol. 11:179, 2010. (2) I. M. Hanssen et al. Plant Pathol. 58:450, 2009. (3) J. Messing. Method Enzymol. 101:20, 1983. (4) I. Pagán et al. Phytopathology 96:274, 2006.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Tomato fruit from two suppliers and all sampled leaves reacted strongly with PepMV antibodies.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Organ / stage
- Fruit samplese0
- Interactor
- PepMVPepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- reacted strongly with PepMV antibodiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit samples from two of the suppliers, and all leaf samples tested, reacted strongly with PepMV antibodies.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
All inoculated susceptible tomato seedlings developed characteristic PepMV symptoms after three weeks.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- inoculatede0
- Interactor
- PepMVPepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- PepMV symptomse0
- Value
- 3 weekse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 3 weeks, all inoculated plants had developed characteristic PepMV symptoms (2) including leaf bubbling, distortion, and curled leaves.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Older inoculated leaves developed yellow spots and green leaf mosaic.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- Older leavese0
- Interactor
- Pepino mosaic virusPepino mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- yellow spots and light/dark green leaf mosaice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Older leaves developed yellow spots and light/dark green leaf mosaic”
t0“Pepino mosaic virus Infecting Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Apical regions were stunted and branches developed nettle-head distortion.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- apical regionse0
- Interactor
- Pepino mosaic virusPepino mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- stunted and branches were distorted to form 'nettle-head' symptomse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“apical regions were stunted and branches were distorted to form 'nettle-head' symptoms.”
t0“Pepino mosaic virus Infecting Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit surfaces showed marbling or flaming and uneven discoloration.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Organ / stage
- Fruit surfacese0
- Interactor
- Pepino mosaic virusPepino mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- marbled or displayed flaming and uneven discoloratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fruit surfaces were marbled or displayed flaming and uneven discoloration.”
t0“Pepino mosaic virus Infecting Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
All symptomatic leaf samples reacted positively with PepMV antibodies.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- PepMVPepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- reacted positively with PepMV antibodiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all samples reacted positively with PepMV antibodies.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The South African isolate clustered phylogenetically with EU, LP, US1/CH1, and US2/CH2 PepMV isolates.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- PepMVPepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- clustered the sequence with EU (European), LP (Peruvian), US1 (United States)/CH1 (Chilean) and US2/CH2 PepMV isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phylogenetic analysis clustered the sequence with EU (European), LP (Peruvian), US1 (United States)/CH1 (Chilean) and US2/CH2 PepMV isolates.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
US2/CH2 accessions were closest relatives at 98 to 99% nucleotide similarity.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- PepMVPepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- closest relativese0
- Value
- 98 to 99%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The PepMV isolate accessions for US2/CH2 (AY509927, FJ612601, EF408821, FJ212288, and DQ000985) were identified as the closest relatives based on 98 to 99% nucleotide similarity obtained using BLASTN.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The South African PepMV coat protein sequence was deposited in GenBank.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- Pepino mosaic virusPepino mosaic virust0pathogen
- Outcome
- coat protein sequencee0
- Value
- HQ872607e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The coat protein sequence of the South African isolate was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. HQ872607).”
t0“Pepino mosaic virus Infecting Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors identify this as the first confirmed PepMV report in South Africa.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- PepMVPepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- first confirmed report of PepMVe0
- Setting
- South Africae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this is the first confirmed report of PepMV in South Africa.”
t0“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors urge phytosanitary measures to restrict PepMV spread and impact.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- PepMVPepino mosaic viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- adoption of appropriate phytosanitary measures to restrict the spread and impact of this viruse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of PepMV signals the urgent need for adoption of appropriate phytosanitary measures to restrict the spread and impact of this virus.”
t0“Tomato”
The same questions in other papers
inoculation · Pepino mosaic virus · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- no effect
- negative
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.