Abstract
The effect of rising atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide [CO(2)] on the reproductive development of soybean (Glycine max. Merr) has not been evaluated under open-air field conditions. Soybeans grown under Free-Air CO(2) Enrichment (FACE) exhibit warmer canopies due to decreased latent heat loss because of decreased stomatal conductance. According to development models based on accumulated thermal time, or growing degree days ( degrees Cd), increased canopy temperature should accelerate development. The SoyFACE research facility (Champaign, Illinois, USA) was used to test the hypothesis that development is accelerated in soybean when grown in [CO(2)] elevated to 548 micromol mol(-1). Canopy temperature was measured continuously with infrared thermometry, and used in turn to calculate GDD. Opposite to expectation, elevated [CO(2)], while increasing canopy temperature, delayed reproductive development by up to 3 days (P <0.05). Soybean grown in elevated [CO(2)] required approximately 49 degrees Cd more GDD (P <0.05) to complete full bloom stage (R2) and approximately 52 degrees Cd more GDD (P <0.05) to complete the beginning seed (R5) stage, but needed approximately 46 degrees Cd fewer GDD (P <0.05) to complete seed filling (R6). Soybeans grown in elevated [CO(2)] produced significantly more nodes (P <0.01) on the main stem than those grown under current [CO(2)]. This may explain the delay in completion of reproductive development and final maturation of the crop under elevated [CO(2)]. These results show a direct effect of rising [CO(2)] on plant development that will affect both projections of grain supply and may be significant to other species including those in natural communities.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 increased soybean canopy temperature.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- elevated [CO(2)]e0
- Outcome
- canopy temperaturee0
- Direction
- increasinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [CO(2)], while increasing canopy temperature, delayed reproductive development by up to 3 days (P <0.05)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 delayed soybean reproductive development by up to three days.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO(2)]e0
- Outcome
- reproductive developmente0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Value
- up to 3 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“elevated [CO(2)], while increasing canopy temperature, delayed reproductive development by up to 3 days (P <0.05)”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 required about 49 more degree days to complete full bloom.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe0
- Organ / stage
- full bloom stage (R2)e0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO(2)]e0
- Outcome
- GDDe0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- approximately 49 degrees Cde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybean grown in elevated [CO(2)] required approximately 49 degrees Cd more GDD (P <0.05) to complete full bloom stage (R2)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 required about 52 more degree days to complete beginning seed stage.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- beginning seed (R5) stagee0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO(2)]e1
- Outcome
- GDDe0
- Direction
- moree0
- Value
- approximately 52 degrees Cde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“approximately 52 degrees Cd more GDD (P <0.05) to complete the beginning seed (R5) stage”
t0“soybean”
e1“Soybean grown in elevated [CO(2)] required”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 required about 46 fewer degree days to complete seed filling.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Organ / stage
- seed filling (R6)e0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO(2)]e1
- Outcome
- GDDe0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Value
- approximately 46 degrees Cde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“needed approximately 46 degrees Cd fewer GDD (P <0.05) to complete seed filling (R6)”
t0“soybean”
e1“Soybean grown in elevated [CO(2)] required”
Claim · model-written summary
Soybean under elevated CO2 produced significantly more main-stem nodes than under current CO2.
- Taxon
- SoybeansGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- elevated [CO(2)]e0
- Outcome
- nodese0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- current [CO(2)]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soybeans grown in elevated [CO(2)] produced significantly more nodes (P <0.01) on the main stem than those grown under current [CO(2)]”
Claim · model-written summary
Additional main-stem nodes may explain delayed reproductive completion and crop maturation.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Outcome
- delay in completion of reproductive development and final maturatione0
- Qualifier
- under elevated [CO(2)]e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This may explain the delay in completion of reproductive development and final maturation of the crop under elevated [CO(2)]”
t0“soybean”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
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See all 101 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.