Abstract
Interactions between above- and belowground herbivores have been prominent in the field of aboveground-belowground ecology from the outset, although little is known about how climate change affects these organisms when they share the same plant. Additionally, the interactive effects of multiple factors associated with climate change such as elevated temperature (eT) and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (eCO2) are untested. We investigated how eT and eCO2 affected larval development of the lucerne weevil (Sitona discoideus) and colonization by the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), on three cultivars of a common host plant, lucerne (Medicago sativa). Sitona discoideus larvae feed on root nodules housing N2-fixing rhizobial bacteria, allowing us to test the effects of eT and eCO2 across trophic levels. Moreover, we assessed the influence of these factors on plant growth. eT increased plant growth rate initially (6, 8 and 10 weeks after sowing), with cultivar "Sequel" achieving the greatest height. Inoculation with aphids, however, reduced plant growth at week 14. eT severely reduced root nodulation by 43%, whereas eCO2 promoted nodulation by 56%, but only at ambient temperatures. Weevil presence increased net root biomass and nodulation, by 31 and 45%, respectively, showing an overcompensatory plant growth response. Effects of eT and eCO2 on root nodulation were mirrored by weevil larval development; eT and eCO2 reduced and increased larval development, respectively. Contrary to expectations, aphid colonization was unaffected by eT or eCO2, but there was a near-significant 10% reduction in colonization rates on plants with weevils present belowground. The contrasting effects of eT and eCO2 on weevils potentially occurred through changes in root nodulation patterns.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature initially increased lucerne growth rate at 6, 8 and 10 weeks.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)
Medicago sativae1 - Treatment
- eTe0
- Outcome
- plant growth ratee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 6, 8 and 10 weeks after sowinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eT increased plant growth rate initially (6, 8 and 10 weeks after sowing)”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sequel attained the greatest plant height.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Material
- Sequele0
- Outcome
- heighte0
- Direction
- greateste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“cultivar "Sequel" achieving the greatest height”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid inoculation reduced lucerne growth at week 14.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- Inoculation with aphidse0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Outcome
- plant growthe0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- week 14e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculation with aphids, however, reduced plant growth at week 14”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated temperature reduced root nodulation by 43%.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- eTe0
- Outcome
- root nodulatione0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 43%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eT severely reduced root nodulation by 43%”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated carbon dioxide increased nodulation by 56% at ambient temperatures.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- eCO2e0
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Value
- 56%e0
- Qualifier
- only at ambient temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“eCO2 promoted nodulation by 56%, but only at ambient temperatures”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Weevil presence increased lucerne net root biomass by 31%.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- Weevil presencee0
- Interactor
- Weevile0herbivore
- Outcome
- net root biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 31e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weevil presence increased net root biomass and nodulation, by 31 and 45%, respectively”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Weevil presence increased lucerne nodulation by 45%.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- Weevil presencee0
- Interactor
- Weevile0herbivore
- Outcome
- nodulatione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 45%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Weevil presence increased net root biomass and nodulation, by 31 and 45%, respectively”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid colonization was unaffected by elevated temperature or carbon dioxide.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- eT or eCO2e0
- Interactor
- aphide0pest
- Outcome
- aphid colonizatione0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aphid colonization was unaffected by eT or eCO2”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
Claim · model-written summary
Belowground weevils were associated with a near significant 10% reduction in aphid colonization.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Treatment
- weevils present belowgrounde0
- Interactor
- aphide2pest
- Second interactor
- weevilsCurculionidaee0herbivore
- Outcome
- colonization ratese0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 10%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“near-significant 10% reduction in colonization rates on plants with weevils present belowground”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
e2“aphid colonization was unaffected by eT or eCO2”
Claim · model-written summary
The contrasting climate effects on weevils potentially operated through root nodulation changes.
- Taxon
- lucerne (Medicago sativa)Medicago sativae1
- Interactor
- weevilsCurculionidaee0herbivore
- Outcome
- effects of eT and eCO2 on weevilse0
- Qualifier
- changes in root nodulation patternse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contrasting effects of eT and eCO2 on weevils potentially occurred through changes in root nodulation patterns”
e1“lucerne (Medicago sativa)”
The same questions in other papers
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.