Abstract
Generation of embryogenic callus is a key step in genetic engineering of many crop species, including cassava. Protocols for generation of friable embryogenic callus (FEC) have been lacking for Ugandan cassava genotypes, thereby delaying their genetic engineering for agronomic and other desirable traits. The objective of this study was to determine conditions suitable for production and regeneration of FEC in the Ugandan cassava genotypes; Aladu, Bukalasa and Ebwanateraka, and control cultivar 60444. Immature leaf lobe explants were established on Murashige and Skoog (MS) based media for initiation of organized embryogenic callus (OES). To produce FEC, resulting OES were established on Gresshoff and Doy based callus induction media with varying levels of sucrose, maltose, tyrosine, tryptophan, naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) under light and dark conditions. Subsequently, FEC was subcultured to MS-based embryo maturation and embryo regeneration media. All genotypes produced OES. All genotypes produced FEC except Bukalasa. The amino acid tyrosine favoured production of FEC in Aladu and Ebwanatereka, but not in 60444, while 20 g/L of sucrose trigged production of FEC in Aladu and 60444, but 40 g/L of sucrose was superior for Ebwanatereka. Media supplemented with 1 ml/L naphthalene acetic acid NAA facilitated embryo regeneration in Ebwanatereka and 60444, while Aladu responded better to 5 ml/L NAA. Light, tyrosine and sucrose were essential for FEC production in Uganda cultivars while NAA was required for regeneration of somatic embryos. Ability to produce FEC in these genotypes lays a foundation for their improvement through genetic transformation for the desired and agronomic traits. Key words: Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), somatic embryogenesis, amino acids, carbon sources.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
All cassava genotypes produced organized embryogenic structures (OES).
- Taxon
- Manihot esculenta
Manihot esculentae2 - Outcome
- OESe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All genotypes produced OES.”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
All genotypes except Bukalasa produced friable embryogenic callus.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- Bukalasae1
- Outcome
- produced FECe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“All genotypes produced FEC except Bukalasa.”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tyrosine favoured production of friable embryogenic callus in Aladu.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- Aladue1
- Treatment
- tyrosinee1
- Outcome
- production of FECe1
- Direction
- favourede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The amino acid tyrosine favoured production of FEC in Aladu and Ebwanatereka, but not in 60444”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tyrosine favoured production of friable embryogenic callus in Ebwanatereka.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- Ebwanaterekae1
- Treatment
- tyrosinee1
- Outcome
- production of FECe1
- Direction
- favourede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The amino acid tyrosine favoured production of FEC in Aladu and Ebwanatereka, but not in 60444”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
Tyrosine did not favour production of friable embryogenic callus in genotype 60444.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- 60444e1
- Treatment
- tyrosinee1
- Outcome
- production of FECe1
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The amino acid tyrosine favoured production of FEC in Aladu and Ebwanatereka, but not in 60444”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
20 g/L sucrose triggered production of friable embryogenic callus in Aladu.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- Aladue1
- Treatment
- 20 g/L of sucrosee1
- Outcome
- production of FECe1
- Direction
- triggede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“20 g/L of sucrose trigged production of FEC in Aladu and 60444, but 40 g/L of sucrose was superior for Ebwanatereka”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
20 g/L sucrose triggered production of friable embryogenic callus in genotype 60444.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- 60444e1
- Treatment
- 20 g/L of sucrosee1
- Outcome
- production of FECe1
- Direction
- triggede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“20 g/L of sucrose trigged production of FEC in Aladu and 60444, but 40 g/L of sucrose was superior for Ebwanatereka”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
40 g/L sucrose was superior for friable embryogenic callus production in Ebwanatereka.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- Ebwanaterekae1
- Treatment
- 40 g/L of sucrosee1
- Outcome
- production of FECe1
- Direction
- superiore1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“20 g/L of sucrose trigged production of FEC in Aladu and 60444, but 40 g/L of sucrose was superior for Ebwanatereka”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
1 ml/L NAA facilitated embryo regeneration in Ebwanatereka.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- Ebwanaterekae1
- Treatment
- 1 ml/L naphthalene acetic acid NAAe1
- Outcome
- embryo regeneratione1
- Direction
- facilitatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Media supplemented with 1 ml/L naphthalene acetic acid NAA facilitated embryo regeneration in Ebwanatereka and 60444, while Aladu responded better to 5 ml/L NAA”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
1 ml/L NAA facilitated embryo regeneration in genotype 60444.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- 60444e1
- Treatment
- 1 ml/L naphthalene acetic acid NAAe1
- Outcome
- embryo regeneratione1
- Direction
- facilitatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Media supplemented with 1 ml/L naphthalene acetic acid NAA facilitated embryo regeneration in Ebwanatereka and 60444, while Aladu responded better to 5 ml/L NAA”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
Aladu responded better to 5 ml/L NAA for embryo regeneration.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Material
- Aladue1
- Treatment
- 5 ml/L NAAe1
- Outcome
- embryo regeneratione1
- Direction
- responded bettere1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Media supplemented with 1 ml/L naphthalene acetic acid NAA facilitated embryo regeneration in Ebwanatereka and 60444, while Aladu responded better to 5 ml/L NAA”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
Claim · model-written summary
Friable embryogenic callus production in these genotypes lays a foundation for their improvement through genetic transformation.
- Taxon
- Manihot esculentaManihot esculentae2
- Outcome
- improvement through genetic transformatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Ability to produce FEC in these genotypes lays a foundation for their improvement through genetic transformation for the desired and agronomic traits”
e2“Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)”
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