Abstract
Black foot disease, caused by Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum Halleen, Schroers & Crous, is reported damaging table and wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) for the first time in Chile. During the summer of 2006, 2- to 5-year-old grapevines showed reduced vigor, shortened internodes, and drying and dying shoots along with abnormal development of roots with growth parallel to the soil surface, necrotic root crowns, and development of secondary roots. Internal necrosis extended from the bark to the pith in diseased parts of the plants. Other symptoms included black discoloration of the wood, gum inclusions in xylem vessels, black streaks in the vascular tissue, and reduction in root biomass, with sunken, necrotic root lesions. Eighteen Cylindrocarpon isolates were collected from roots, vascular elements, and pith tissue of grapevines cultivars (Flame Seedless, Red Globe, Thompson Seedless, Merlot, Carmenere, and Cabernet Sauvignon) from 12 locations in Chile. The isolates were identified on the basis of morphological features. All isolates produced micro- and macroconidia (one to three septa) and chlamydospores in short and intercalary chains (1,4), and by internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5,8S-ITS4) rDNA and β -tubulin (BT 1 , and BT 2 ) partial sequences, identical to those of C. macrodidymum (isolate USS074, GenBank Accession No. AY 997558 and isolate USSO150, GenBank Accession No. AY 997598) (2). Phylogenetic analyses placed these isolates in a clade closely related, but clearly distinct from other clades, to C. destructans and C. liriodendri (2,3). Pathogenicity tests were completed by drench inoculation onto 50 6-month-old rooted cuttings of ‘Red Globe’ with 25 ml of conidia suspension (10 6 conidia ml -1 ) obtained from four isolates. Ten control cuttings of ‘Red Globe’ were inoculated with an equal volume of sterile distilled water. The plants were incubated for 4 months in a controlled environment facility at 24°C. All isolates tested were pathogenic. In addition, they caused significant root rot (t-test of disease incidence, P = 0.0048) and no significant level of variation was detected between different isolates. C. macrodidymum was reisolated from the region of brown streaking in all the inoculated cuttings and was not isolated from the water-treated controls. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. macrodidymum causing black foot disease on grapevine in Chile. References: (1) C. D. Booth. Mycol. Pap. (CMI) 104:1, 1966. (2) F. Halleen et al. Stud. Mycol. 50:431, 2004. (3) F. R. Mantiri et al. Can. J. Bot. 79:334, 2001. (4) E. Petit and W. D. Gubler. Plant Dis. 89:1051, 2005.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Black foot disease caused by Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum was reported damaging table and wine grapes for the first time in Chile.
- Taxon
- Vitis vinifera L.
Vitis viniferae0 - Interactor
- Cylindrocarpon macrodidymumDactylonectria macrodidymae0pathogen
- Outcome
- Black foot diseasee0
- Setting
- Chilee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Black foot disease, caused by Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum Halleen, Schroers & Crous, is reported damaging table and wine grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) for the first time in Chile”
Claim · model-written summary
Affected grapevines showed reduced vigor, shortened internodes, and drying or dying shoots.
- Organ / stage
- shootse0
- Outcome
- reduced vigor, shortened internodes, and drying and dying shootse0
- Qualifier
- 2- to 5-year-olde0
VitisOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2- to 5-year-old grapevines showed reduced vigor, shortened internodes, and drying and dying shoots”
Claim · model-written summary
Affected grapevines had abnormal roots, necrotic root crowns, secondary roots and reduced root biomass.
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Outcome
- abnormal development of rootse0
- Qualifier
- reduction in root biomass, with sunken, necrotic root lesionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“abnormal development of roots with growth parallel to the soil surface, necrotic root crowns, and development of secondary roots”
e1“reduction in root biomass, with sunken, necrotic root lesions”
e2“grapevines showed reduced vigor”
Claim · model-written summary
Diseased grapevine tissues had internal necrosis, black wood discoloration, gum inclusions and black vascular streaks.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Organ / stage
- bark to the pithe0
- Outcome
- Internal necrosise0
- Qualifier
- black discoloration of the wood, gum inclusions in xylem vessels, black streaks in the vascular tissuee0
Verbatim
e0“Internal necrosis extended from the bark to the pith in diseased parts of the plants. Other symptoms included black discoloration of the wood, gum inclusions in xylem vessels, black streaks in the vascular tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Eighteen isolates from grapevine tissues were identified as C. macrodidymum by morphology and DNA sequences.
- Interactor
- C. macrodidymumDactylonectria macrodidymae2pathogen
- Outcome
- Cylindrocarpon isolatese0
- Value
- Eighteene0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eighteen Cylindrocarpon isolates were collected from roots, vascular elements, and pith tissue of grapevines cultivars”
e1“The isolates were identified on the basis of morphological features”
e2“partial sequences, identical to those of C. macrodidymum”
Claim · model-written summary
Phylogenetic analysis placed the isolates in a distinct clade near C. destructans and C. liriodendri.
- Interactor
- C. destructans and C. liriodendriIlyonectria destructansIlyonectria liriodendrie0pathogen
- Outcome
- clade closely related, but clearly distinct from other cladese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phylogenetic analyses placed these isolates in a clade closely related, but clearly distinct from other clades, to C. destructans and C. liriodendri”
e1“pith tissue of grapevines cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
All tested C. macrodidymum isolates were pathogenic to Red Globe grapevine cuttings.
- Material
- Red Globee1
- Treatment
- drench inoculatione1
- Interactor
- C. macrodidymumDactylonectria macrodidymae3pathogen
- Outcome
- pathogenice0
- Comparator
- control cuttingse2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All isolates tested were pathogenic”
e1“drench inoculation onto 50 6-month-old rooted cuttings of ‘Red Globe’ with 25 ml of conidia suspension”
e2“Ten control cuttings of ‘Red Globe’ were inoculated with an equal volume of sterile distilled water”
e3“C. macrodidymum was reisolated”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
The tested isolates caused significant root rot in inoculated grapevines.
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“they caused significant root rot (t-test of disease incidence, P = 0.0048)”
e1“drench inoculation onto 50 6-month-old rooted cuttings of ‘Red Globe’”
e2“Ten control cuttings of ‘Red Globe’ were inoculated with an equal volume of sterile distilled water”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
Root rot incidence did not vary significantly among tested isolates.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“no significant level of variation was detected between different isolates”
e1“significant root rot (t-test of disease incidence, P = 0.0048)”
t0“grapevine”
Claim · model-written summary
C. macrodidymum was reisolated from inoculated grapevine cuttings but not water-treated controls.
- Interactor
- C. macrodidymumDactylonectria macrodidymae0pathogen
- Outcome
- reisolatede0
- Comparator
- water-treated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“C. macrodidymum was reisolated from the region of brown streaking in all the inoculated cuttings and was not isolated from the water-treated controls”
t0“grapevine”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.