Abstract
The rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a rice pest that is prone to outbreaks when high levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer are applied to rice. The larvae feed by scraping the mesophyll cells of leaves, which are mainly composed of chloroplasts containing significant levels of elemental magnesium (Mg). To determine the cause of N fertilizer-induced rice leaffolder outbreaks and the effects of Mg and Mg uptake on the rice leaffolder, the changes in the life history traits and biochemistry of C. medinalis larvae feeding on rice leaves treated with different Mg and N concentrations were investigated in this study. The results showed that foliar treatment using different Mg concentrations under hydroponic culture conditions significantly decreased the developmental duration (days) (DD) of the larvae and pupae but did not influence the pupation rate or adult emergence rate. The number of eggs laid by adult females and the protein content and total sugar content in the larvae and pupae significantly increased with increasing Mg concentrations. Under soil culture conditions, the DD for the larvae and number of eggs laid by adult females significantly increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels, but the applied fertilizer did not influence the DD in the pupae, pupation rate, or adult emergence rate. In contrast, the DD for adults decreased with increased fertilizer levels. In hydroponic culture, Mg in the culture solution and Mg foliar sprays significantly increased the Mg content in rice leaves. In soil cultures, the use of N fertilizer and Mg foliar spray did not significantly increase the leaf Mg content, except at a concentration of 12.5 g/L, indicating that the leaf Mg content may be related to the root uptake of Mg.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Mg decreased larval and pupal developmental duration.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- foliar treatment using different Mg concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee
Cnaphalocrocis medinalise1pest - Outcome
- developmental duration (days) (DD) of the larvae and pupaee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Setting
- hydroponic culture conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar treatment using different Mg concentrations under hydroponic culture conditions significantly decreased the developmental duration (days) (DD) of the larvae and pupae”
e1“rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar Mg did not influence pupation or adult emergence rate.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- foliar treatment using different Mg concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis GueneeCnaphalocrocis medinalise1pest
- Outcome
- pupation rate or adult emergence ratee0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“foliar treatment using different Mg concentrations under hydroponic culture conditions significantly decreased the developmental duration (days) (DD) of the larvae and pupae but did not influence the pupation rate or adult emergence rate”
e1“rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult female egg number increased with Mg concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- increasing Mg concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis GueneeCnaphalocrocis medinalise1pest
- Outcome
- number of eggs laid by adult femalese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The number of eggs laid by adult females and the protein content and total sugar content in the larvae and pupae significantly increased with increasing Mg concentrations”
e1“rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaffolder larval and pupal protein and sugar contents increased with Mg concentration.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- increasing Mg concentrationse0
- Interactor
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis GueneeCnaphalocrocis medinalise1pest
- Outcome
- protein content and total sugar content in the larvae and pupaee0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the protein content and total sugar content in the larvae and pupae significantly increased with increasing Mg concentrations”
e1“rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer increased larval developmental duration in soil culture.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen fertilizer levelse0
- Interactor
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis GueneeCnaphalocrocis medinalise2pest
- Outcome
- DD for the larvaee0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- soil culture conditionse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the DD for the larvae and number of eggs laid by adult females significantly increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels”
e1“Under soil culture conditions”
e2“rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer increased adult female egg number in soil culture.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- increasing nitrogen fertilizer levelse0
- Interactor
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis GueneeCnaphalocrocis medinalise1pest
- Outcome
- number of eggs laid by adult femalese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the DD for the larvae and number of eggs laid by adult females significantly increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels”
e1“rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer did not influence pupal duration, pupation or adult emergence.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizere1
- Interactor
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis GueneeCnaphalocrocis medinalise2pest
- Outcome
- DD in the pupae, pupation rate, or adult emergence ratee0
- Direction
- did not influencee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the applied fertilizer did not influence the DD in the pupae, pupation rate, or adult emergence rate”
e1“nitrogen fertilizer levels”
e2“rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult developmental duration decreased with nitrogen fertilizer level.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- nitrogen fertilizere1
- Interactor
- Cnaphalocrocis medinalis GueneeCnaphalocrocis medinalise2pest
- Outcome
- DD for adultse0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the DD for adults decreased with increased fertilizer levels”
e1“nitrogen fertilizer levels”
e2“rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee”
Claim · model-written summary
Mg in hydroponic solution increased rice leaf Mg content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Mg in the culture solutione0
- Outcome
- Mg content in rice leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- hydroponic culturee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg in the culture solution and Mg foliar sprays significantly increased the Mg content in rice leaves”
e1“In hydroponic culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Mg foliar sprays in hydroponic culture increased rice leaf Mg content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Mg foliar sprayse0
- Outcome
- Mg content in rice leavese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Setting
- hydroponic culturee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mg in the culture solution and Mg foliar sprays significantly increased the Mg content in rice leaves”
e1“In hydroponic culture”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrogen fertilizer in soil culture did not significantly increase rice leaf Mg content.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae2
- Treatment
- N fertilizere0
- Outcome
- leaf Mg contente0
- Direction
- did not significantly increasee0
- Setting
- soil culturese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of N fertilizer and Mg foliar spray did not significantly increase the leaf Mg content, except at a concentration of 12.5 g/L”
e1“In soil cultures”
e2“Mg content in rice leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Mg foliar spray in soil culture did not significantly increase leaf Mg except at 12.5 g/L.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Mg foliar spraye0
- Outcome
- leaf Mg contente0
- Direction
- did not significantly increasee0
- Qualifier
- except at a concentration of 12.5 g/Le0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the use of N fertilizer and Mg foliar spray did not significantly increase the leaf Mg content, except at a concentration of 12.5 g/L”
e1“Mg content in rice leaves”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.