Abstract
Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars can be classified into mono-flowering (single-cropping or June-bearing) and perpetual-flowering (everbearing) types according to their horticultural performance. Whereas floral induction in mono-flowering cultivars is well-documented, the literature on the control of flowering of perpetual-flowering cultivars is rather inconsistent. Photoperiod and temperature control of flowering in several perpetual-flowering strawberry cultivars of widely varying pedigree were therefore studied in controlled environments. Flower bud initiation in all cultivars was significantly advanced by long day (LD) conditions at temperatures of 15°C and 21°C; while, at 27°C, flowering took place under LD conditions only. When vegetative plants growing in short day (SD) at 27°C were transferred to LD conditions at the same temperature, they consistently initiated flower buds and started flowering after about 4 weeks. At such a high temperature, flowering could thus be turned on and off by switching between SD and LD conditions. At 9°C, flowering was substantially delayed, and, at this temperature, flowering was unaffected by photoperiod. Runner formation was generally promoted by high temperature and SD conditions, but the photoperiodic effect varied between experiments. We conclude that everbearing strawberry cultivars, in general, whether of the older European type or the modern Californian type, are qualitative (obligatory) LD plants at high temperature (27°C), and quantitative LD plants at intermediate temperatures. Only at temperatures below 10°C these cultivars are day-neutral.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Long days advanced flower bud initiation at 15°C and 21°C.
- Taxon
- STRAWBERRIESt0
- Treatment
- long day (LD) conditionse0
- Outcome
- Flower bud initiatione0
- Direction
- advancede0
- Qualifier
- 15°C and 21°Ce0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Flower bud initiation in all cultivars was significantly advanced by long day (LD) conditions at temperatures of 15°C and 21°C”
t0“STRAWBERRIES”
Claim · model-written summary
At 27°C flowering occurred only under long days.
- Taxon
- strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Outcome
- flowering took place under LD conditions onlye0
- Qualifier
- 27°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“at 27°C, flowering took place under LD conditions only”
t0“Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Switching from short to long days at 27°C initiated buds and flowering after about four weeks.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- transferred to LD conditionse0
- Outcome
- initiated flower buds and started floweringe0
- Value
- about 4 weekse0
- Comparator
- short day (SD)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When vegetative plants growing in short day (SD) at 27°C were transferred to LD conditions at the same temperature, they consistently initiated flower buds and started flowering after about 4 weeks”
t0“Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At 9°C flowering was delayed.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Qualifier
- 9°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At 9°C, flowering was substantially delayed”
t0“Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
At 9°C photoperiod did not affect flowering.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- photoperiode0
- Outcome
- floweringe0
- Direction
- unaffectede0
- Qualifier
- 9°Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at this temperature, flowering was unaffected by photoperiod”
t0“Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars”
e1“At 9°C, flowering was substantially delayed”
Claim · model-written summary
High temperature promoted runner formation.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- high temperaturee0
- Outcome
- Runner formatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Runner formation was generally promoted by high temperature and SD conditions”
t0“Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Short days generally promoted runner formation, with variable photoperiod effects.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- SD conditionse0
- Outcome
- Runner formatione0
- Direction
- promotede0
- Qualifier
- photoperiodic effect varied between experimentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Runner formation was generally promoted by high temperature and SD conditions, but the photoperiodic effect varied between experiments”
t0“Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Everbearing strawberry cultivars were obligatory long-day plants at high temperature.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassae0
- Material
- everbearing strawberry cultivarse0
- Outcome
- qualitative (obligatory) LD plantse0
- Qualifier
- high temperature (27°C)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“everbearing strawberry cultivars, in general, whether of the older European type or the modern Californian type, are qualitative (obligatory) LD plants at high temperature (27°C)”
Claim · model-written summary
Everbearing strawberry cultivars were quantitative long-day plants at intermediate temperatures.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- quantitative LD plantse0
- Qualifier
- intermediate temperaturese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“quantitative LD plants at intermediate temperatures”
t0“Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars”
Claim · model-written summary
Below 10°C these cultivars were day-neutral.
- Taxon
- strawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Outcome
- day-neutrale0
- Qualifier
- temperatures below 10°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only at temperatures below 10°C these cultivars are day-neutral”
t0“Octoploid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars”
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light · phenology · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Results differ
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- no effect
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