Abstract
A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton. Main plots were two soil inversion treatments: fall inversion tillage (IT) and non-inversion tillage (NIT). Subplots were three cover treatments: crimson clover, cereal rye or none (i.e., winter fallow); and the sub subplots were four secondary spring tillage methods: disking followed by (fb) cultivator (DCU), disking fb chisel plow (DCH), disking fb disking (DD) and no tillage (NT). Averaged over years and soil inversion, the crimson clover produced maximum cover biomass (4390 kg ha−1) fb cereal rye (3698 kg ha−1) and winter fallow (777 kg ha−1). Two weeks after planting (WAP) and before the postemergence (POST) application, Palmer amaranth WR and BR density were two- and four-times less, respectively, in IT than NIT. Further, Palmer amaranth WR and BR density were reduced two-fold following crimson clover and cereal rye than following winter fallow at 2 WAP. Without IT, early season Palmer amaranth densities were 40% less following DCU, DCH and DD, when compared with IT. Following IT, no spring tillage method improved Palmer amaranth control. The timely application of glufosinate + S-metolachlor POST tank mixture greatly improved Palmer amaranth control in both IT and NIT systems. The highest cotton yields were obtained with DD following cereal rye (2251 kg ha−1), DD following crimson clover (2213 kg ha−1) and DD following winter fallow (2153 kg ha−1). On average, IT cotton yields (2133 kg ha−1) were 21% higher than NIT (1766 kg ha−1). Therefore, from an integrated weed management standpoint, an occasional fall IT could greatly reduce Palmer amaranth emergence on farms highly infested with glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth. In addition, a cereal rye or crimson clover cover crop can effectively reduce early season Palmer amaranth emergence in both IT and NIT systems. For effective and season-long control of Palmer amaranth, one or more POST applications of glufosinate + residual herbicide as tank mixture may be needed in a glufosinate-based cotton production system.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Fall inversion tillage reduced Palmer amaranth density two- to four-fold compared with non-inversion tillage.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- fall inversion tillagee2
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth WR and BR densitye1
- Direction
- lesse1
- Value
- two- and four-timese1
- Comparator
- non-inversion tillagee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e1“Two weeks after planting (WAP) and before the postemergence (POST) application, Palmer amaranth WR and BR density were two- and four-times less, respectively, in IT than NIT”
e2“Main plots were two soil inversion treatments: fall inversion tillage (IT) and non-inversion tillage (NIT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Crimson clover and cereal rye cover crops reduced Palmer amaranth density two-fold compared with winter fallow at 2 WAP.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- crimson clover and cereal ryee2
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- WR and BR densitye2
- Direction
- reducede2
- Value
- two-folde2
- Comparator
- winter fallowe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e2“Further, Palmer amaranth WR and BR density were reduced two-fold following crimson clover and cereal rye than following winter fallow at 2 WAP”
Claim · model-written summary
Disking-based spring tillage reduced early season Palmer amaranth densities by 40% compared with fall inversion tillage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- DCU, DCH and DDe3
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- early season Palmer amaranth densitiese3
- Direction
- lesse3
- Value
- 40%e3
- Qualifier
- Without ITe3
- Comparator
- ITe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e3“Without IT, early season Palmer amaranth densities were 40% less following DCU, DCH and DD, when compared with IT”
Claim · model-written summary
After fall inversion tillage, no spring tillage method improved Palmer amaranth control.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- spring tillage methode4
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle4
- Direction
- improvede4
- Qualifier
- Following ITe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e4“Following IT, no spring tillage method improved Palmer amaranth control”
Claim · model-written summary
Cereal rye or crimson clover cover crops effectively reduced early season Palmer amaranth emergence in both inversion and non-inversion systems.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- cereal rye or crimson clover cover crope1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- early season Palmer amaranth emergencee1
- Direction
- reducee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e1“a cereal rye or crimson clover cover crop can effectively reduce early season Palmer amaranth emergence in both IT and NIT systems”
Claim · model-written summary
The glufosinate + S-metolachlor POST tank mixture greatly improved Palmer amaranth control in both IT and NIT systems.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- glufosinate + S-metolachlor POST tank mixturee5
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- Palmer amaranth controle5
- Direction
- improvede5
- Qualifier
- in both IT and NIT systemse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e5“The timely application of glufosinate + S-metolachlor POST tank mixture greatly improved Palmer amaranth control in both IT and NIT systems”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall inversion tillage gave 21% higher cotton yield than non-inversion tillage.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- fall inversion tillagee2
- Outcome
- cotton yieldse7
- Direction
- highere7
- Value
- 21%e7
- Comparator
- NITe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e7“On average, IT cotton yields (2133 kg ha−1) were 21% higher than NIT (1766 kg ha−1)”
e2“Main plots were two soil inversion treatments: fall inversion tillage (IT) and non-inversion tillage (NIT)”
Claim · model-written summary
Disking followed by disking after cereal rye gave the highest cotton yield, 2251 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- DD following cereal ryee6
- Outcome
- highest cotton yieldse6
- Direction
- higheste6
- Value
- 2251 kg ha−1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e6“The highest cotton yields were obtained with DD following cereal rye (2251 kg ha−1), DD following crimson clover (2213 kg ha−1) and DD following winter fallow (2153 kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Disking followed by disking after crimson clover gave cotton yield of 2213 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- DD following crimson clovere6
- Outcome
- cotton yieldse6
- Value
- 2213 kg ha−1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e6“The highest cotton yields were obtained with DD following cereal rye (2251 kg ha−1), DD following crimson clover (2213 kg ha−1) and DD following winter fallow (2153 kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Disking followed by disking after winter fallow gave cotton yield of 2153 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- DD following winter fallowe6
- Outcome
- cotton yieldse6
- Value
- 2153 kg ha−1e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e6“The highest cotton yields were obtained with DD following cereal rye (2251 kg ha−1), DD following crimson clover (2213 kg ha−1) and DD following winter fallow (2153 kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Crimson clover produced maximum cover biomass, 4390 kg ha−1.
Verbatim
e1“Averaged over years and soil inversion, the crimson clover produced maximum cover biomass (4390 kg ha−1) fb cereal rye (3698 kg ha−1) and winter fallow (777 kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cereal rye produced cover biomass of 3698 kg ha−1.
Verbatim
e1“Averaged over years and soil inversion, the crimson clover produced maximum cover biomass (4390 kg ha−1) fb cereal rye (3698 kg ha−1) and winter fallow (777 kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
Winter fallow produced cover biomass of 777 kg ha−1.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- winter fallowe1
- Outcome
- cover biomasse1
- Value
- 777 kg ha−1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e1“Averaged over years and soil inversion, the crimson clover produced maximum cover biomass (4390 kg ha−1) fb cereal rye (3698 kg ha−1) and winter fallow (777 kg ha−1)”
Claim · model-written summary
An occasional fall inversion tillage could greatly reduce Palmer amaranth emergence on highly infested farms.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- reduce Palmer amaranth emergencee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e1“Therefore, from an integrated weed management standpoint, an occasional fall IT could greatly reduce Palmer amaranth emergence on farms highly infested with glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth”
Claim · model-written summary
Effective and season-long control of Palmer amaranth may need one or more POST applications of glufosinate plus residual herbicide as a tank mixture.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- one or more POST applications of glufosinate + residual herbicide as tank mixturee1
- Interactor
- Palmer amaranthe0weed
- Outcome
- season-long control of Palmer amaranthe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A three year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of soil inversion, cover crops and spring tillage methods for Palmer amaranth between-row (BR) and within-row (WR) management in glufosinate-resistant cotton”
e1“For effective and season-long control of Palmer amaranth, one or more POST applications of glufosinate + residual herbicide as tank mixture may be needed”
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