Abstract
Glycine betaine is an osmoprotectant found in many organisms, including bacteria and higher plants. The bacterium Escherichia coli produces glycine betaine by a two-step pathway where choline dehydrogenase (CDH), encoded by betA, oxidizes choline to betaine aldehyde which is further oxidized to glycine betaine by the same enzyme. The second step, conversion of betaine aldehyde into glycine betaine, can also be performed by the second enzyme in the pathway, betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH), encoded by betB. Transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a species not accumulating glycine betaine, with the E. coli genes for glycine betaine biosynthesis, resulted in transgenic plants accumulating glycine betaine. Plants producing CDH were found to accumulate glycine betaine as did F1 progeny from crosses between CDH- and BADH-producing lines. Plants producing both CDH and BADH generally accumulated higher amounts of glycine betaine than plants producing CDH alone, as determined by 1H NMR analysis. Transgenic tobacco lines accumulating glycine betaine exhibited increased tolerance to salt stress as measured by biomass production of greenhouse-grown intact plants. Furthermore, experiments conducted with leaf discs from glycine betaine-accumulating plants indicated enhanced recovery from photoinhibition caused by high light and salt stress as well as improved tolerance to photoinhibition under low temperature conditions. In conclusion, introduction of glycine betaine production into tobacco is associated with increased stress tolerance probably partly due to improved protection of the photosynthetic apparatus.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Transgenic tobacco carrying E. coli glycine betaine genes accumulates glycine betaine.
- Taxon
- tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- with the E. coli genes for glycine betaine biosynthesise0
- Outcome
- accumulating glycine betainee0
- Direction
- accumulatinge0
- Comparator
- a species not accumulating glycine betainee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a species not accumulating glycine betaine, with the E. coli genes for glycine betaine biosynthesis, resulted in transgenic plants accumulating glycine betaine”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants producing CDH accumulate glycine betaine.
- Taxon
- tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Nicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Plants producing CDHe1
- Gene
- CDHe1
- Outcome
- accumulate glycine betainee1
- Direction
- accumulatee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a species not accumulating glycine betaine”
e1“Plants producing CDH were found to accumulate glycine betaine as did F1 progeny from crosses between CDH- and BADH-producing lines”
Claim · model-written summary
F1 progeny from crosses between CDH- and BADH-producing lines accumulate glycine betaine.
- Taxon
- tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Nicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- F1 progeny from crosses between CDH- and BADH-producing linese1
- Outcome
- accumulate glycine betainee1
- Direction
- accumulatee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a species not accumulating glycine betaine”
e1“Plants producing CDH were found to accumulate glycine betaine as did F1 progeny from crosses between CDH- and BADH-producing lines”
Claim · model-written summary
Plants producing both CDH and BADH accumulate higher amounts of glycine betaine than plants producing CDH alone.
- Taxon
- tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)Nicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- Plants producing both CDH and BADHe2
- Outcome
- amounts of glycine betainee2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- plants producing CDH alonee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Transformation of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), a species not accumulating glycine betaine”
e2“Plants producing both CDH and BADH generally accumulated higher amounts of glycine betaine than plants producing CDH alone, as determined by 1H NMR analysis”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine-accumulating transgenic tobacco lines show increased biomass production under salt stress in the greenhouse.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume3
- Treatment
- salt stresse3
- Outcome
- biomass productione3
- Direction
- increased tolerancee3
- Setting
- greenhouse-growne3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Transgenic tobacco lines accumulating glycine betaine exhibited increased tolerance to salt stress as measured by biomass production of greenhouse-grown intact plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf discs from glycine betaine-accumulating tobacco show enhanced recovery from photoinhibition caused by high light and salt stress.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume3
- Organ / stage
- leaf discse4
- Treatment
- high light and salt stresse4
- Outcome
- recovery from photoinhibitione4
- Direction
- enhanced recoverye4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Transgenic tobacco lines accumulating glycine betaine exhibited increased tolerance to salt stress”
e4“experiments conducted with leaf discs from glycine betaine-accumulating plants indicated enhanced recovery from photoinhibition caused by high light and salt stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Glycine betaine-accumulating tobacco shows improved tolerance to photoinhibition under low temperature.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume3
- Treatment
- low temperaturee5
- Outcome
- tolerance to photoinhibitione5
- Direction
- improvede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Transgenic tobacco lines accumulating glycine betaine exhibited increased tolerance to salt stress”
e5“improved tolerance to photoinhibition under low temperature conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
Introducing glycine betaine production into tobacco is associated with increased stress tolerance.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume6
- Treatment
- introduction of glycine betaine productione6
- Outcome
- stress tolerancee6
- Direction
- increasede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“introduction of glycine betaine production into tobacco is associated with increased stress tolerance probably partly due to improved protection of the photosynthetic apparatus”
Claim · model-written summary
Improved protection of the photosynthetic apparatus probably partly explains the stress tolerance of glycine betaine-producing tobacco.
- Taxon
- tobaccoNicotiana tabacume6
- Outcome
- stress tolerancee6
- Qualifier
- improved protection of the photosynthetic apparatuse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“introduction of glycine betaine production into tobacco is associated with increased stress tolerance probably partly due to improved protection of the photosynthetic apparatus”
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