Abstract
Abstract Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C. Germination was inhibited by continuous (c) irradiation with farred (FR), blue or white incandescent light; short pulses were ineffective. Intermittent FR could fully substitute for cFR; the effect of alternating red and FR pulses during 30-min dark cycles depended upon the timing of the illuminations within each cycle. It is concluded that germination in watermelon is controlled by the low-energy reaction of phytochrome. However, continuous and intermittent red light resulted in partial reductions in germinability. Opening the seed coat at the radicle end enhanced germination in the dark and reduced photosensitivity towards FR. The outer, lignified part of the testa exerted a mechanically restrictive force upon the expanding radicle; this force was estimated to be equivalent to 0.3 MPa. The kinetics, at 25°C in the dark, of the time course of germination and the escape from the inhibitory actions of cFR and osmoticum (0.5 m mannitol) were all sigmoid curves, which, upon transformation to normal distributions, had different means, but statistically similar variances. The cFR-irreversible activation of germination by phytochrome and the mannitol-irreversible onset of radicle elongation preceded radicle protrusion (mean at 32 h, 25°C) by 8 and 6 h, respectively. From the results and data on imbition, it is concluded that activation of germination in watermelon takes place during the second, stationary phase of imbibition (20–30 h after sowing at 25°C).
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Watermelon seeds germinated optimally in the dark across 20–40°C.
- Taxon
- watermelon
Citrullus lanatuse1 - Material
- Sugar Babye1
- Outcome
- germinated optimallye1
- Qualifier
- in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°Ce1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous far-red, blue or white incandescent light inhibited germination of watermelon seed relative to dark.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Treatment
- continuous (c) irradiation with farred (FR), blue or white incandescent lighte2
- Outcome
- Germinatione2
- Direction
- inhibitede2
- Comparator
- in the darke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e2“Germination was inhibited by continuous (c) irradiation with farred (FR), blue or white incandescent light; short pulses were ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
Short light pulses were ineffective on watermelon germination relative to dark.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Treatment
- short pulsese2
- Outcome
- Germinatione2
- Direction
- ineffectivee2
- Comparator
- in the darke1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e2“Germination was inhibited by continuous (c) irradiation with farred (FR), blue or white incandescent light; short pulses were ineffective”
Claim · model-written summary
Intermittent far-red light could fully substitute for continuous far-red in inhibiting watermelon germination.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Treatment
- Intermittent FRe3
- Outcome
- Germinatione2
- Direction
- fully substitutee3
- Comparator
- cFRe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e2“Germination was inhibited by continuous (c) irradiation with farred (FR), blue or white incandescent light; short pulses were ineffective”
e3“Intermittent FR could fully substitute for cFR; the effect of alternating red and FR pulses during 30-min dark cycles depended upon the timing of the illuminations within each cycle”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of alternating red and far-red pulses on watermelon depended on the timing of the illuminations within each 30-min dark cycle.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Outcome
- effect of alternating red and FR pulsese3
- Qualifier
- depended upon the timing of the illuminations within each cyclee3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e3“Intermittent FR could fully substitute for cFR; the effect of alternating red and FR pulses during 30-min dark cycles depended upon the timing of the illuminations within each cycle”
Claim · model-written summary
Germination in watermelon is controlled by the low-energy reaction of phytochrome.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse4
- Gene
- phytochromee4
- Outcome
- germinatione4
- Qualifier
- low-energy reaction of phytochromee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“It is concluded that germination in watermelon is controlled by the low-energy reaction of phytochrome”
Claim · model-written summary
Continuous and intermittent red light partially reduced watermelon germinability.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Treatment
- continuous and intermittent red lighte5
- Outcome
- germinabilitye5
- Direction
- partial reductionse5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e5“However, continuous and intermittent red light resulted in partial reductions in germinability”
Claim · model-written summary
Opening the seed coat at the radicle end enhanced watermelon germination in the dark.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Treatment
- Opening the seed coat at the radicle ende6
- Outcome
- germinatione6
- Direction
- enhancede6
- Qualifier
- in the darke6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e6“Opening the seed coat at the radicle end enhanced germination in the dark and reduced photosensitivity towards FR”
Claim · model-written summary
Opening the seed coat at the radicle end reduced photosensitivity of watermelon towards far-red light.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Treatment
- Opening the seed coat at the radicle ende6
- Outcome
- photosensitivity towards FRe6
- Direction
- reducede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e6“Opening the seed coat at the radicle end enhanced germination in the dark and reduced photosensitivity towards FR”
Claim · model-written summary
The outer lignified part of the watermelon testa exerted a mechanically restrictive force on the expanding radicle, estimated at 0.3 MPa.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Organ / stage
- outer, lignified part of the testae7
- Outcome
- mechanically restrictive force upon the expanding radiclee7
- Value
- 0.3 MPae7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e7“The outer, lignified part of the testa exerted a mechanically restrictive force upon the expanding radicle; this force was estimated to be equivalent to 0.3 MPa”
Claim · model-written summary
Time course of germination and escape from inhibitory actions of cFR and osmoticum in watermelon were sigmoid curves at 25°C in the dark.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Outcome
- time course of germinatione2
- Qualifier
- sigmoid curvese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e2“The kinetics, at 25°C in the dark, of the time course of germination and the escape from the inhibitory actions of cFR and osmoticum (0.5 m mannitol) were all sigmoid curves, which, upon transformation to normal distributions, had different means, but statistically similar variances”
Claim · model-written summary
After transformation to normal distributions, the germination kinetics of watermelon had different means but statistically similar variances.
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Outcome
- meanse2
- Direction
- different meanse2
- Qualifier
- statistically similar variancese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e2“The kinetics, at 25°C in the dark, of the time course of germination and the escape from the inhibitory actions of cFR and osmoticum (0.5 m mannitol) were all sigmoid curves, which, upon transformation to normal distributions, had different means, but statistically similar variances”
Claim · model-written summary
cFR-irreversible activation of germination by phytochrome preceded radicle protrusion in watermelon by 8 h (mean at 32 h, 25°C).
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Outcome
- cFR-irreversible activation of germination by phytochromee3
- Value
- by 8 and 6 h, respectivelye3
- Qualifier
- preceded radicle protrusion (mean at 32 h, 25°C)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e3“The cFR-irreversible activation of germination by phytochrome and the mannitol-irreversible onset of radicle elongation preceded radicle protrusion (mean at 32 h, 25°C) by 8 and 6 h, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Mannitol-irreversible onset of radicle elongation preceded radicle protrusion in watermelon by 6 h (mean at 32 h, 25°C).
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse1
- Outcome
- mannitol-irreversible onset of radicle elongatione3
- Value
- by 8 and 6 h, respectivelye3
- Qualifier
- preceded radicle protrusion (mean at 32 h, 25°C)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e3“The cFR-irreversible activation of germination by phytochrome and the mannitol-irreversible onset of radicle elongation preceded radicle protrusion (mean at 32 h, 25°C) by 8 and 6 h, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Activation of germination in watermelon takes place during the second, stationary phase of imbibition (20–30 h after sowing at 25°C).
- Taxon
- watermelonCitrullus lanatuse4
- Outcome
- activation of germinatione4
- Qualifier
- during the second, stationary phase of imbibition (20–30 h after sowing at 25°C)e4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Seeds of watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus cv. Sugar Baby) germinated optimally in the dark, throughout the range 20–40°C”
e4“From the results and data on imbition, it is concluded that activation of germination in watermelon takes place during the second, stationary phase of imbibition (20–30 h after sowing at 25°C)”
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