Abstract
Preventive and remedial actions reported by producers to maintain the quality of grain during storage on the farm was minimal. Application of malathion when the grain was binned was the most frequent action reported in wheat, aeration the most frequent in corn, and fumigation the principal action in oats. Less than 10% of the grain was reported as fumigated during storage periods of 1 to 4 years and high numbers of dead adult insects observed in fumigated grain indicate that damaging populations were already present when the decision to fumigate was made. Liquid fumigant mixtures were the principal type used in corn and oats; phosphine-producing fumigants were the predominant types used in wheat. Malathion was found on only 14.6% of the wheat, 8.2% of the corn, and 4.2% of the oats from more than 8,000 farm bins across 27 states. When malathion was present the incidence, number of different species, and density of most species were generally less than in untreated grain. The effectiveness of malathion decreased significantly at grain moisture levels above 12%. The most frequent species found in malathion-treated grain were Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), Cryptolestes spp., Tribolium spp., Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Oryzaephilus surinamenis (L.). Nearly two-thirds of the insects found in malathion-treated grain occurred in grain containing residues of 2 ppm or less.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Preventive and remedial actions to maintain stored grain quality were minimal on farms.
- Taxon
- Wheat, Corn, and Oats
Avena sativa
Triticum aestivum
Zea mays subsp. mayst0 - Outcome
- Preventive and remedial actionse1
- Qualifier
- minimale1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat, Corn, and Oats”
e1“Preventive and remedial actions reported by producers to maintain the quality of grain during storage on the farm was minimal”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion application at binning was the most frequent action reported in stored wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume2
- Treatment
- Application of malathion when the grain was binnede2
- Outcome
- most frequente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Application of malathion when the grain was binned was the most frequent action reported in wheat, aeration the most frequent in corn, and fumigation the principal action in oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Aeration was the most frequent action reported in stored corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse2
- Treatment
- aeratione2
- Outcome
- most frequente2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Application of malathion when the grain was binned was the most frequent action reported in wheat, aeration the most frequent in corn, and fumigation the principal action in oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Fumigation was the principal action reported in stored oats.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae2
- Treatment
- fumigatione2
- Outcome
- principal actione2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Application of malathion when the grain was binned was the most frequent action reported in wheat, aeration the most frequent in corn, and fumigation the principal action in oats”
Claim · model-written summary
Less than 10% of stored grain was reported as fumigated during 1 to 4 years of storage.
- Taxon
- Wheat, Corn, and OatsAvena sativaTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- reported as fumigatede3
- Value
- Less than 10%e3
- Qualifier
- during storage periods of 1 to 4 yearse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat, Corn, and Oats”
e3“Less than 10% of the grain was reported as fumigated during storage periods of 1 to 4 years”
Claim · model-written summary
High numbers of dead adult insects in fumigated grain indicate that damaging insect populations were already present before fumigation.
- Taxon
- Wheat, Corn, and OatsAvena sativaTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- dead adult insectse4
- Qualifier
- indicate that damaging populations were already presente4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat, Corn, and Oats”
e4“high numbers of dead adult insects observed in fumigated grain indicate that damaging populations were already present when the decision to fumigate was made”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid fumigant mixtures were the principal fumigant type used in stored corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse5
- Treatment
- Liquid fumigant mixturese5
- Outcome
- principal type usede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Liquid fumigant mixtures were the principal type used in corn and oats; phosphine-producing fumigants were the predominant types used in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Liquid fumigant mixtures were the principal fumigant type used in stored oats.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae5
- Treatment
- Liquid fumigant mixturese5
- Outcome
- principal type usede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Liquid fumigant mixtures were the principal type used in corn and oats; phosphine-producing fumigants were the predominant types used in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Phosphine-producing fumigants were the predominant fumigant type used in stored wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume5
- Treatment
- phosphine-producing fumigantse5
- Outcome
- predominant types usede5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Liquid fumigant mixtures were the principal type used in corn and oats; phosphine-producing fumigants were the predominant types used in wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion was found on 14.6% of the stored wheat.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume6
- Outcome
- Malathion was founde6
- Value
- 14.6%e6
- Setting
- farm bins across 27 statese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Malathion was found on only 14.6% of the wheat, 8.2% of the corn, and 4.2% of the oats from more than 8,000 farm bins across 27 states”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion was found on 8.2% of the stored corn.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse6
- Outcome
- Malathion was founde6
- Value
- 8.2%e6
- Setting
- farm bins across 27 statese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Malathion was found on only 14.6% of the wheat, 8.2% of the corn, and 4.2% of the oats from more than 8,000 farm bins across 27 states”
Claim · model-written summary
Malathion was found on 4.2% of the stored oats.
- Taxon
- oatsAvena sativae6
- Outcome
- Malathion was founde6
- Value
- 4.2%e6
- Setting
- farm bins across 27 statese6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Malathion was found on only 14.6% of the wheat, 8.2% of the corn, and 4.2% of the oats from more than 8,000 farm bins across 27 states”
Claim · model-written summary
When malathion was present, insect incidence, number of species and density of most species were generally lower than in untreated grain.
- Taxon
- Wheat, Corn, and OatsAvena sativaTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- malathione7
- Outcome
- incidence, number of different species, and density of most speciese7
- Direction
- lesse7
- Comparator
- untreated graine7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat, Corn, and Oats”
e7“When malathion was present the incidence, number of different species, and density of most species were generally less than in untreated grain”
Claim · model-written summary
The effectiveness of malathion decreased significantly at grain moisture above 12%.
- Taxon
- Wheat, Corn, and OatsAvena sativaTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Treatment
- malathione1
- Outcome
- effectiveness of malathione1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Qualifier
- grain moisture levels above 12%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat, Corn, and Oats”
e1“The effectiveness of malathion decreased significantly at grain moisture levels above 12%”
Claim · model-written summary
Nearly two-thirds of insects found in malathion-treated grain occurred in grain with residues of 2 ppm or less.
- Taxon
- Wheat, Corn, and OatsAvena sativaTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Outcome
- insects found in malathion-treated graine1
- Value
- Nearly two-thirdse1
- Qualifier
- residues of 2 ppm or lesse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat, Corn, and Oats”
e1“Nearly two-thirds of the insects found in malathion-treated grain occurred in grain containing residues of 2 ppm or less”
Claim · model-written summary
Plodia interpunctella and Cryptolestes spp. were among the most frequent insect species in malathion-treated grain.
- Taxon
- Wheat, Corn, and OatsAvena sativaTriticum aestivumZea mays subsp. mayst0
- Interactor
- Plodia interpunctella
.jpg?width=60)
Plodia interpunctellae1pest - Second interactor
- Cryptolestes spp.
Cryptolestese1pest - Outcome
- most frequent species found in malathion-treated graine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Wheat, Corn, and Oats”
e1“The most frequent species found in malathion-treated grain were Plodia interpunctella (Hübner), Cryptolestes spp., Tribolium spp., Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), and Oryzaephilus surinamenis (L.)”
The same questions in other papers
malathion · molecular: metabolites · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
malathion · disease · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.