Abstract
The effect of various natural products from plants and animals were evaluated for the presence of antifungal activity against Pythium aphanidermatum causing damping-off of tomato. Among the plant species tested, bulbs of A. sativum (10%) and Allium cepa var. aggregatum (20%), leaves of Lawsonia inermis, Piper betle (20% each), Eucalyptus globulus and Vitex negundo (40% each) exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum. Out of 4 animal excreta screened, Pig dung (40%) extract totally inhibited the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum. Garlic bulb, eucalyptus leaf and hen litter extract were found to retain the fungitoxicity when extracted at 80 °C for 10 minutes. A. sativum bulb followed by E. globulus leaf extracted in acetone was found to be significantly superior over other natural products. Among the natural products tested, the minimum mycelial dry weight of P. aphanidermatum was obtained with garlic bulb followed by eucalyptus leaf extract. The plant products combined together retained strong inhibitory effect in solid and liquid media against P. aphanidermatum. Upon mixing, the more loss of toxicity was observed when botanicals were mixed with animal excreta, particularly with pig dung. Among the natural products tested, the water extracts of A. sativum plus E. globulus and A. sativum plus L. inermis combinations recorded the maximum percentage of seed germination, growth and vigour of tomato seedlings, respectively. Also, when the various natural products tested by seed treatment, soil drenching and seed treatment plus soil drenching, garlic plus eucalyptus treatment recorded maximum seedling emergence and lesser damping off incidence in all three methods of application. Among the three methods, seed treatment plus soil drenching (St+Sd) was found to be superior than other two methods.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
A. sativum bulb extract completely inhibited P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- bulbs of A. sativum (10%)e0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatume0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bulbs of A. sativum (10%) and Allium cepa var. aggregatum (20%), leaves of Lawsonia inermis, Piper betle (20% each), Eucalyptus globulus and Vitex negundo (40% each) exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Allium cepa var. aggregatum bulb extract completely inhibited P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Allium cepa var. aggregatum (20%)e0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatume0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“bulbs of A. sativum (10%) and Allium cepa var. aggregatum (20%), leaves of Lawsonia inermis, Piper betle (20% each), Eucalyptus globulus and Vitex negundo (40% each) exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Lawsonia inermis leaves completely inhibited P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Lawsonia inermise0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatume0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of Lawsonia inermis, Piper betle (20% each), Eucalyptus globulus and Vitex negundo (40% each) exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Piper betle leaves completely inhibited P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Piper betle (20% each)e0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatume0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Piper betle (20% each), Eucalyptus globulus and Vitex negundo (40% each) exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus globulus leaves completely inhibited P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Eucalyptus globuluse0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatume0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Eucalyptus globulus and Vitex negundo (40% each) exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Vitex negundo leaves completely inhibited P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Vitex negundo (40% each)e0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatume0
- Direction
- complete inhibitione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Vitex negundo (40% each) exhibited complete inhibition of the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Pig dung extract totally inhibited P. aphanidermatum mycelial growth.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Pig dung (40%) extracte0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatume0
- Direction
- totally inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pig dung (40%) extract totally inhibited the mycelial growth of P. aphanidermatum”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic bulb extract retained fungitoxicity after extraction at 80 °C for 10 minutes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Garlic bulbe0
- Outcome
- retain the fungitoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- extracted at 80 °C for 10 minutese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Garlic bulb, eucalyptus leaf and hen litter extract were found to retain the fungitoxicity when extracted at 80 °C for 10 minutes”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Eucalyptus leaf extract retained fungitoxicity after hot extraction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- eucalyptus leafe0
- Outcome
- retain the fungitoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- extracted at 80 °C for 10 minutese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Garlic bulb, eucalyptus leaf and hen litter extract were found to retain the fungitoxicity when extracted at 80 °C for 10 minutes”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Hen litter extract retained fungitoxicity after hot extraction.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- hen litter extracte0
- Outcome
- retain the fungitoxicitye0
- Qualifier
- extracted at 80 °C for 10 minutese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Garlic bulb, eucalyptus leaf and hen litter extract were found to retain the fungitoxicity when extracted at 80 °C for 10 minutes”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetone-extracted A. sativum bulb was significantly superior to other products, followed by E. globulus leaf.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. sativum bulbe0
- Outcome
- significantly superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Qualifier
- extracted in acetonee0
- Comparator
- other natural productse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A. sativum bulb followed by E. globulus leaf extracted in acetone was found to be significantly superior over other natural products”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic bulb extract gave the minimum P. aphanidermatum mycelial dry weight, followed by eucalyptus leaf extract.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- garlic bulbe0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- mycelial dry weight of P. aphanidermatume0
- Direction
- minimume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the minimum mycelial dry weight of P. aphanidermatum was obtained with garlic bulb followed by eucalyptus leaf extract”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined plant products retained strong inhibition of P. aphanidermatum in solid and liquid media.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- plant products combined togethere0
- Interactor
- P. aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatume0pathogen
- Outcome
- strong inhibitory effecte0
- Setting
- solid and liquid mediae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The plant products combined together retained strong inhibitory effect in solid and liquid media against P. aphanidermatum”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Mixing botanicals with animal excreta, especially pig dung, caused greater loss of toxicity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- botanicals were mixed with animal excretae0
- Outcome
- loss of toxicitye0
- Direction
- moree0
- Qualifier
- particularly with pig dunge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“more loss of toxicity was observed when botanicals were mixed with animal excreta, particularly with pig dung”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
A. sativum plus E. globulus water extracts gave maximum tomato seed germination.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- A. sativum plus E. globuluse0
- Outcome
- percentage of seed germinatione0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water extracts of A. sativum plus E. globulus and A. sativum plus L. inermis combinations recorded the maximum percentage of seed germination, growth and vigour of tomato seedlings, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
A. sativum plus L. inermis water extracts gave maximum tomato seedling growth and vigour.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- A. sativum plus L. inermise0
- Outcome
- growth and vigour of tomato seedlingse0
- Direction
- maximume0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“water extracts of A. sativum plus E. globulus and A. sativum plus L. inermis combinations recorded the maximum percentage of seed germination, growth and vigour of tomato seedlings, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic plus eucalyptus gave maximum tomato seedling emergence across all three application methods.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- garlic plus eucalyptus treatmente0
- Outcome
- seedling emergencee0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Qualifier
- all three methods of applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic plus eucalyptus treatment recorded maximum seedling emergence and lesser damping off incidence in all three methods of application”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Garlic plus eucalyptus gave lower damping-off incidence across all three application methods.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- garlic plus eucalyptus treatmente0
- Interactor
- Pythium aphanidermatumPythium aphanidermatumt0pathogene0
- Outcome
- damping off incidencee0
- Direction
- lessere0
- Qualifier
- all three methods of applicatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“garlic plus eucalyptus treatment recorded maximum seedling emergence and lesser damping off incidence in all three methods of application”
t0“tomato incited byPythium aphanidermatum”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined seed treatment and soil drenching was superior to either method alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- seed treatment plus soil drenching (St+Sd)e0
- Outcome
- superiore0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- other two methodse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seed treatment plus soil drenching (St+Sd) was found to be superior than other two methods”
t0“tomato”
The same questions in other papers
Allium sativum · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
10 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- negative
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →Allium sativum · Pythium aphanidermatum · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Eucalyptus globulus · growth · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
botanical · Pythium aphanidermatum · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.