Abstract
Abstract Phase transitions in the membrane lipids of chill‐sensitive plants at 12°C and below are considered to result in an increase in the activation energy of membrane‐bound enzymes and membrane permeability, leading to cell death. In agreement with this hypothesis, chill‐hardening at 12°C results in an increase in the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids associated with the membrane phospholipids of Phaseolus vulgaris and Gossypium hirsutum leaves. However, drought‐hardening P. vulgaris leaves at 25°C is as effective in preventing chilling injury as chill‐hardening at 12°C but drought‐hardening produces no increase in the degree of unsaturation of the membrane fatty acids suggesting that lipid phase changes are not the primary cause of chilling injury. Furthermore, a re‐examination of the conditions under which water and electrolytes leak from P. vulgaris leaves indicates that phase changes in the membrane lipids of the plasmalemma and other organelles at 5°C are only of minor importance in determining the extent and speed of chilling injury. The primary cause of chilling injury to P. vulgaris leaves on transfer from 25°C, 85%r.h. to 5°C, 85%r.h. is leaf dehydration due to the opening of the stomata at a time when the permeability of the roots to water is low. The primary factor inducing hardening against chilling injury in P. vulgaris is a water stress and not low temperature per se . Phase transitions in the membrane lipids of a chill‐resistant species have now been detected within the same temperature range as those reported for chill‐sensitive species. Therefore, the ability of temperate species to withstand chilling injury cannot be explained solely on the maintenance of a high degree of unsaturation of the membrane fatty acids.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Chill-hardening increases membrane fatty-acid unsaturation in Phaseolus leaves.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- chill‐hardening at 12°Ce0
- Outcome
- degree of unsaturation of the fatty acidse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chill‐hardening at 12°C results in an increase in the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids associated with the membrane phospholipids of Phaseolus vulgaris and Gossypium hirsutum leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Chill-hardening increases membrane fatty-acid unsaturation in Gossypium leaves.
- Taxon
- Gossypium hirsutum
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- chill‐hardening at 12°Ce0
- Outcome
- degree of unsaturation of the fatty acidse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chill‐hardening at 12°C results in an increase in the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids associated with the membrane phospholipids of Phaseolus vulgaris and Gossypium hirsutum leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-hardening prevents chilling injury in P. vulgaris as effectively as chill-hardening.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- drought‐hardeninge0
- Outcome
- chilling injurye0
- Direction
- as effectivee0
- Comparator
- chill‐hardening at 12°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought‐hardening P. vulgaris leaves at 25°C is as effective in preventing chilling injury as chill‐hardening at 12°C”
Claim · model-written summary
Drought-hardening produces no increase in membrane fatty-acid unsaturation.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- drought‐hardeninge0
- Outcome
- degree of unsaturation of the membrane fatty acidse0
- Direction
- no increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“drought‐hardening P. vulgaris leaves at 25°C is as effective in preventing chilling injury as chill‐hardening at 12°C but drought‐hardening produces no increase in the degree of unsaturation of the membrane fatty acids”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane lipid phase changes at 5°C have only minor importance for chilling injury.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- extent and speed of chilling injurye0
- Qualifier
- phase changes in the membrane lipids of the plasmalemma and other organelles at 5°Ce0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“phase changes in the membrane lipids of the plasmalemma and other organelles at 5°C are only of minor importance in determining the extent and speed of chilling injury”
e1“A re‐examination of the conditions under which water and electrolytes leak from P. vulgaris leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf dehydration from stomatal opening and low root water permeability is identified as the primary cause of chilling injury.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- chilling injurye0
- Qualifier
- leaf dehydration due to the opening of the stomata at a time when the permeability of the roots to water is lowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The primary cause of chilling injury to P. vulgaris leaves on transfer from 25°C, 85%r.h. to 5°C, 85%r.h. is leaf dehydration due to the opening of the stomata at a time when the permeability of the roots to water is low.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water stress is identified as the primary hardening factor against chilling injury.
- Taxon
- P. vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Outcome
- hardening against chilling injurye0
- Qualifier
- water stresse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The primary factor inducing hardening against chilling injury in P. vulgaris is a water stress and not low temperature per se”
Claim · model-written summary
Membrane lipid phase transitions occur in a chill-resistant species in the same range as chill-sensitive species.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- Phase transitions in the membrane lipidse0
- Comparator
- chill‐sensitive speciese0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Phase transitions in the membrane lipids of a chill‐resistant species have now been detected within the same temperature range as those reported for chill‐sensitive species.”
e1“chill‐sensitive plants”
Claim · model-written summary
High membrane fatty-acid unsaturation alone cannot explain chill tolerance of temperate species.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee1
- Outcome
- ability of temperate species to withstand chilling injurye0
- Qualifier
- maintenance of a high degree of unsaturation of the membrane fatty acidse0
Verbatim
e0“the ability of temperate species to withstand chilling injury cannot be explained solely on the maintenance of a high degree of unsaturation of the membrane fatty acids”
e1“chill‐sensitive plants”
The same questions in other papers
drought · quality: oil · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
drought · crop injury · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.