Abstract
Abstract The suitability of sewage effluent for drip irrigation of cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) growing on a deep calcareous clay soil (Typic Chromoxererts) was studied during three seasons. Secondary effluent was compared with freshwater at three application rates, the average of which for the three seasons were: low (350 mm yr −1 ), standard (440 mm yr −1 ), and high (515 mm yr −1 ). Fertilizer was applied with the fresh water in order to deliver amounts of nutrients (average for the 3 years) equivalent to those in the effluent that contained 150, 180, and 230 kg N; 32, 37, and 46 kg P; and 80, 100, and 120 kg K ha −1 yr −1 for the three rates, respectively. In addition, the standard amount of fresh water was given with half the quantity of fertilizer, and without fertilizer. The concentration of available N and P in soil was increased greatly in all effluent and fertilizer‐amended freshwater treatments, while available K in the soil was increased to a lesser extent. In general, at equivalent application levels, no significant differences in the level of available N, P, and K in the soil or in their uptake by plants, were detected between effluent and fertilizer‐amended fresh water, although dry matter yield as well as N, P, and K accumulation were greater in the high‐application‐rate effluent treatment. The distribution of NO 3 ‐N in the soil profile was controlled by drip irrigation and practically no build‐up of NO 3 − was detected below the 0‐ to 0.6‐m depth layer during the irrigation period (in summer). However, during the rainy, winter season, heavy losses of residual NO 3 ‐N occurred, probably mainly through leaching.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Effluent and fertilizer-amended freshwater greatly increased available soil nitrogen and phosphorus.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutumt0 - Treatment
- effluent and fertilizer‐amended freshwater treatmentse0
- Outcome
- available N and P in soile0
- Direction
- increased greatlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentration of available N and P in soil was increased greatly in all effluent and fertilizer‐amended freshwater treatments”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
These treatments increased available soil potassium to a lesser extent.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- effluent and fertilizer‐amended freshwater treatmentse1
- Outcome
- available K in the soile0
- Direction
- increased to a lesser extente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“available K in the soil was increased to a lesser extent”
e1“all effluent and fertilizer‐amended freshwater treatments”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Equivalent effluent and fertilizer-amended freshwater rates did not differ significantly in soil available N, P and K.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- effluente0
- Outcome
- available N, P, and K in the soile0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- fertilizer‐amended fresh watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at equivalent application levels, no significant differences in the level of available N, P, and K in the soil or in their uptake by plants, were detected between effluent and fertilizer‐amended fresh water”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Equivalent effluent and fertilizer-amended freshwater rates did not differ significantly in plant uptake of N, P and K.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- effluente0
- Outcome
- uptake by plantse0
- Direction
- no significant differencese0
- Comparator
- fertilizer‐amended fresh watere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at equivalent application levels, no significant differences in the level of available N, P, and K in the soil or in their uptake by plants, were detected between effluent and fertilizer‐amended fresh water”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
High-rate effluent increased dry matter yield relative to fertilizer-amended freshwater.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- high‐application‐rate effluent treatmente0
- Outcome
- dry matter yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- fertilizer‐amended fresh watere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dry matter yield as well as N, P, and K accumulation were greater in the high‐application‐rate effluent treatment”
e1“between effluent and fertilizer‐amended fresh water”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
High-rate effluent increased plant N, P and K accumulation.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- high‐application‐rate effluent treatmente0
- Outcome
- N, P, and K accumulatione0
- Direction
- greatere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N, P, and K accumulation were greater in the high‐application‐rate effluent treatment”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
During summer drip irrigation, nitrate did not build up below 0 to 0.6 m soil depth.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- no build‐up of NO 3 −e0
- Qualifier
- below the 0‐ to 0.6‐m depth layer during the irrigation period (in summer)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“practically no build‐up of NO 3 − was detected below the 0‐ to 0.6‐m depth layer during the irrigation period (in summer)”
t0“Cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy residual soil nitrate losses occurred in winter, probably mainly through leaching.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Outcome
- heavy losses of residual NO 3 ‐Ne0
- Qualifier
- probably mainly through leachinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“during the rainy, winter season, heavy losses of residual NO 3 ‐N occurred, probably mainly through leaching”
t0“Cotton”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · soil: chemistry · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
31 papers more in this group
See all 35 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.