Abstract
We have previously reported that CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants) were impaired severely in root development and auxin polar transport, and exhibited transcriptional misregulation of auxin-efflux transporters (Plant J., 67, 2011a, 169). In this work we show that CK2mut roots accumulate high levels of salicylic acid (SA) and that the gene that encodes isochorismate synthase (SID2) is overexpressed, strongly suggesting that CK2 activity is required for SA biosynthesis via the shikimate pathway. Moreover, SA activates transcription of CK2-encoding genes and, thus, SA and CK2 appear to be part of an autoregulatory feed-back loop to fine-tune each other's activities. We also show that exogenous SA and constitutive high SA levels in cpr mutants reproduce the CK2mut root phenotypes (decrease of root length and of number of lateral roots), whereas inhibition of CK2 activity in SA-defective and SA-signalling mutants lead to less severe phenotypes, suggesting that the CK2mut root phenotypes are SA-mediated effects. Moreover, exogenous SA mediates transcriptional repression of most of PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes, which is the opposite effect observed in CK2mut roots. These results prompted us to propose a model in which CK2 acts as a link between SA homeostasis and transcriptional regulation of auxin-efflux transporters. We also show that CK2 overexpression in Arabidopsis has neither impact on SA biosynthesis nor on auxin transport, but it improves the Arabidopsis root system. Thus, unlike the outcome in mammals, an excess of CK2 in plant cells does not produce neoplasia, but it might be advantageous for plant fitness.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
CK2 mutant roots accumulated high salicylic acid.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianae0 - Material
- CK2mut plantse0
- Outcome
- high levels of salicylic acid (SA)e0
- Direction
- highe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants) were impaired severely in root development and auxin polar transport, and exhibited transcriptional misregulation of auxin-efflux transporters (Plant J., 67, 2011a, 169). In this work we show that CK2mut roots accumulate high levels of salicylic acid (SA)”
Claim · model-written summary
SID2 was overexpressed in CK2 mutant roots.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Gene
- SID2e0
- Outcome
- overexpressede0
- Direction
- overexpressede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CK2mut roots accumulate high levels of salicylic acid (SA) and that the gene that encodes isochorismate synthase (SID2) is overexpressed”
e1“CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants)”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid activated CK2 gene transcription.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- SAe0
- Gene
- CK2-encoding genese0
- Outcome
- transcriptione0
- Direction
- activatese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SA activates transcription of CK2-encoding genes”
e1“CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous salicylic acid reduced root length and lateral root number.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- exogenous SAe0
- Outcome
- root length and of number of lateral rootse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous SA and constitutive high SA levels in cpr mutants reproduce the CK2mut root phenotypes (decrease of root length and of number of lateral roots)”
e1“CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants)”
Claim · model-written summary
Constitutively high salicylic acid in cpr mutants reduced root length and lateral root number.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- cpr mutantse0
- Outcome
- root length and of number of lateral rootse0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“constitutive high SA levels in cpr mutants reproduce the CK2mut root phenotypes (decrease of root length and of number of lateral roots)”
e1“CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants)”
Claim · model-written summary
CK2 inhibition caused less severe root phenotypes in SA defective and signalling mutants.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Material
- SA-defective and SA-signalling mutantse0
- Treatment
- inhibition of CK2 activitye0
- Outcome
- phenotypese0
- Direction
- less severee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of CK2 activity in SA-defective and SA-signalling mutants lead to less severe phenotypes”
e1“CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants)”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous salicylic acid repressed most PIN genes.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianae1
- Treatment
- exogenous SAe0
- Gene
- PIN-FORMED (PIN) genese0
- Outcome
- transcriptional repressione0
- Direction
- repressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“exogenous SA mediates transcriptional repression of most of PIN-FORMED (PIN) genes”
e1“CK2-defective Arabidopsis thaliana plants (CK2mut plants)”
Claim · model-written summary
CK2 overexpression did not affect SA biosynthesis.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- CK2 overexpressione0
- Outcome
- SA biosynthesise0
- Direction
- neither impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CK2 overexpression in Arabidopsis has neither impact on SA biosynthesis nor on auxin transport”
Claim · model-written summary
CK2 overexpression did not affect auxin transport.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- CK2 overexpressione0
- Outcome
- auxin transporte0
- Direction
- neither impacte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CK2 overexpression in Arabidopsis has neither impact on SA biosynthesis nor on auxin transport”
Claim · model-written summary
CK2 overexpression improved the Arabidopsis root system.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Treatment
- CK2 overexpressione0
- Outcome
- Arabidopsis root systeme0
- Direction
- improvese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“CK2 overexpression in Arabidopsis has neither impact on SA biosynthesis nor on auxin transport, but it improves the Arabidopsis root system”
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