Abstract
The 5-year height and diameter growth response of a frost-tolerant species, (lodgepole pine, Pinuscontorta var. latifolia Dougl. ex Loud.) and a frost-susceptible species (hybrid spruce, Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss × Piceasitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) to different vegetation-control site-preparation treatment and timing combinations was examined using a factorial experiment. The site chosen for the experiment is subject to frequent summer growing season frosts. The vegetation control treatments were: an untreated control, manual cutting, and glyphosate applied at the rates of 1.4 and 2.1 kg active ingredient (a.i.) per hectare. Each vegetation-control treatment was applied at four dates (timing) that covered the active growing season of the vegetation on the study area. Vegetation-control method had a major impact on the growth of the planted seedlings. The influence of timing of control treatments on growth was found to be minor. Fifth-year height and diameter in the manual cutting and control treatments were equally poor. Growth was significantly improved by both levels of chemical vegetation control and after 5 years, no differences were apparent between the two. Pine height and diameter and spruce diameter continually improved as the level of thimbleberry (Rubusparviflorus Nutt.) was reduced. Below 5% thimbleberry cover, this growth increased dramatically, suggesting a response threshold. As vegetation cover was lowered, however, spruce seedlings were damaged by frost, resulting in reduced total height. In this case, better height growth was associated with either very low or moderately high thimbleberry cover than with moderate to low levels.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetation control had a major impact on the growth of planted lodgepole pine seedlings.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pine
Pinus contortat0 - Treatment
- Vegetation-control methode1
- Outcome
- growth of the planted seedlingse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lodgepole pine”
e1“Vegetation-control method had a major impact on the growth of the planted seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
Vegetation control had a major impact on the growth of planted hybrid spruce seedlings.
PiceaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e1“Vegetation-control method had a major impact on the growth of the planted seedlings”
Claim · model-written summary
The timing of control treatments had a minor influence on lodgepole pine growth.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat0
- Treatment
- timing of control treatmentse2
- Outcome
- growthe2
- Qualifier
- minore2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lodgepole pine”
e2“The influence of timing of control treatments on growth was found to be minor”
Claim · model-written summary
The timing of control treatments had a minor influence on hybrid spruce growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e2“The influence of timing of control treatments on growth was found to be minor”
Claim · model-written summary
Fifth-year lodgepole pine height and diameter were equally poor in manual cutting and control treatments.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat0
- Treatment
- manual cuttinge3
- Outcome
- height and diametere3
- Direction
- equally poore3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lodgepole pine”
e3“Fifth-year height and diameter in the manual cutting and control treatments were equally poor”
Claim · model-written summary
Fifth-year hybrid spruce height and diameter were equally poor in manual cutting and control treatments.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e3“Fifth-year height and diameter in the manual cutting and control treatments were equally poor”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical vegetation control significantly improved lodgepole pine growth at both levels.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat0
- Treatment
- chemical vegetation controle4
- Outcome
- Growthe4
- Direction
- improvede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lodgepole pine”
e4“Growth was significantly improved by both levels of chemical vegetation control”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical vegetation control significantly improved hybrid spruce growth at both levels.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e4“Growth was significantly improved by both levels of chemical vegetation control”
Claim · model-written summary
After 5 years, the two levels of chemical vegetation control gave no differences in lodgepole pine growth.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat0
- Treatment
- chemical vegetation controle4
- Outcome
- differencese5
- Qualifier
- after 5 yearse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lodgepole pine”
e4“Growth was significantly improved by both levels of chemical vegetation control”
e5“after 5 years, no differences were apparent between the two”
Claim · model-written summary
After 5 years, the two levels of chemical vegetation control gave no differences in hybrid spruce growth.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e4“Growth was significantly improved by both levels of chemical vegetation control”
e5“after 5 years, no differences were apparent between the two”
Claim · model-written summary
Lodgepole pine height and diameter improved as thimbleberry cover was reduced.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat0
- Treatment
- level of thimbleberrye6
- Interactor
- thimbleberrye6weed
- Outcome
- height and diametere6
- Direction
- improvede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lodgepole pine”
e6“Pine height and diameter and spruce diameter continually improved as the level of thimbleberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid spruce diameter improved as thimbleberry cover was reduced.
- Treatment
- level of thimbleberrye6
- Interactor
- thimbleberrye6weed
- Outcome
- spruce diametere6
- Direction
- improvede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e6“Pine height and diameter and spruce diameter continually improved as the level of thimbleberry”
Claim · model-written summary
Below 5% thimbleberry cover, lodgepole pine growth increased dramatically, suggesting a response threshold.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat0
- Treatment
- thimbleberry covere7
- Outcome
- this growthe7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- Below 5%e7
- Qualifier
- suggesting a response thresholde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“lodgepole pine”
e7“Below 5% thimbleberry cover, this growth increased dramatically, suggesting a response threshold”
Claim · model-written summary
Below 5% thimbleberry cover, hybrid spruce growth increased dramatically, suggesting a response threshold.
- Treatment
- thimbleberry covere7
- Outcome
- this growthe7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- Below 5%e7
- Qualifier
- suggesting a response thresholde7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e7“Below 5% thimbleberry cover, this growth increased dramatically, suggesting a response threshold”
Claim · model-written summary
Frost damage to hybrid spruce seedlings reduced their total height as vegetation cover was lowered.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e1“As vegetation cover was lowered, however, spruce seedlings were damaged by frost, resulting in reduced total height”
Claim · model-written summary
Hybrid spruce height growth was better at very low or moderately high thimbleberry cover than at moderate to low levels.
- Treatment
- thimbleberry covere1
- Outcome
- height growthe1
- Direction
- bettere1
- Qualifier
- very low or moderately highe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“hybrid spruce”
e1“In this case, better height growth was associated with either very low or moderately high thimbleberry cover than with moderate to low levels”
The same questions in other papers
pruning · growth · Pinus contorta (lodgepole pine)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.