Abstract
Following the discovery of resistance to benzimidazole fungicides in the cereal eyespot pathogen Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides in the UK in 1981, and an initial in vitro screen to select the fungicides with greatest activity against the pathogen, 40 field experiments were carried out between 1983 and 1986 to evaluate alternative fungicides for control of eyespot. At the majority of experimental sites, benomyl‐resistant strains of the pathogen were present, and carbendazim did not control eyespot. Prochloraz was the most effective fungicide, reducing the eyespot index by 30–60%. There was no extra benefit from adding carbendazim to prochloraz. Flusilazole was almost as effective as prochloraz, but other fungicides had little or no effect. At sites with a high incidence of eyespot, prochloraz, with or without the addition of carbendazim, generally gave the largest yield increase. The mean yield increases each year were in the range 0·36–0·85 t/ha, and the greatest yield increase at any site was 2·27 t/ha. Most other fungicides increased yield, but carbendazim did not from 1984 to 1986. There were also yield increases at many sites with a low incidence of eyespot. Yield increases were associated with increases in thousand‐grain weight at the majority of sites, but in only a few instances were there associated increases in specific weight. Prochloraz application at GS30‐31 was cost effective at 71% of sites. At most sites, in regression of yield on eyespot, eyespot accounted for less than 25% of the variance in yield. The mean relationship between severe eyespot lesions and yield loss was such that each 1% increase in the percentage of tillers affected by severe eyespot was associated with a yield loss of 0·21 %. There was a significant positive correlation between eyespot at GS75 and GS30‐31, and between yield increase from prochloraz treatment (at GS30‐31) and eyespot at GS75, but not between yield increase and eyespot at GS30‐31. The ADAS threshold for fungicide application of 20% tillers affected at GS30‐31 was a reliable indicator of the cost‐effectiveness of treatment at 60% of sites.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim did not control eyespot at most sites with resistant strains.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Interactor
- pathogene0pathogen
- Outcome
- eyespote0
- Direction
- did not controle0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At the majority of experimental sites, benomyl‐resistant strains of the pathogen were present, and carbendazim did not control eyespot.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Prochloraz reduced eyespot index by 30–60%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Prochloraze0
- Outcome
- eyespot indexe0
- Direction
- reducinge0
- Value
- 30–60%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prochloraz was the most effective fungicide, reducing the eyespot index by 30–60%.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding carbendazim to prochloraz provided no extra benefit.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- adding carbendazim to prochloraze0
- Outcome
- no extra benefite0
- Direction
- no extra benefite0
- Comparator
- prochloraze0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was no extra benefit from adding carbendazim to prochloraz.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Flusilazole was almost as effective as prochloraz against eyespot.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Flusilazolee0
- Outcome
- almost as effectivee0
- Direction
- almost as effectivee0
- Comparator
- prochloraze0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Flusilazole was almost as effective as prochloraz”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Other fungicides had little or no effect against eyespot.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- other fungicidese0
- Outcome
- little or no effecte0
- Direction
- little or no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“other fungicides had little or no effect.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
At high-eyespot sites prochloraz generally gave the largest yield increase.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prochloraze0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- largeste0
- Qualifier
- sites with a high incidence of eyespote0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At sites with a high incidence of eyespot, prochloraz, with or without the addition of carbendazim, generally gave the largest yield increase.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Adding carbendazim to prochloraz at high-eyespot sites generally gave the largest yield increase.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prochloraz, with or without the addition of carbendazime0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- largeste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At sites with a high incidence of eyespot, prochloraz, with or without the addition of carbendazim, generally gave the largest yield increase.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean annual yield increases ranged from 0·36–0·85 t/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mean yield increasese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 0·36–0·85 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mean yield increases each year were in the range 0·36–0·85 t/ha”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The greatest site yield increase was 2·27 t/ha.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- greateste0
- Value
- 2·27 t/hae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the greatest yield increase at any site was 2·27 t/ha”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Most other fungicides increased yield.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Most other fungicidese0
- Outcome
- yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Most other fungicides increased yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbendazim did not increase yield from 1984 to 1986.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- carbendazime0
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- did note0
- Qualifier
- from 1984 to 1986e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“carbendazim did not from 1984 to 1986.”
e1“Most other fungicides increased yield”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Many low-eyespot sites also had yield increases.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- yield increasese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- sites with a low incidence of eyespote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were also yield increases at many sites with a low incidence of eyespot.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increases were associated with thousand-grain weight increases at most sites.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- thousand‐graine0
- Outcome
- Yield increasese0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- majority of sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield increases were associated with increases in thousand‐grain weight at the majority of sites”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Yield increases were associated with specific weight increases only rarely.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- thousand‐graine1
- Outcome
- specific weighte0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- only a few instancese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in only a few instances were there associated increases in specific weight.”
e1“Yield increases were associated with increases in thousand‐grain weight at the majority of sites”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Prochloraz at GS30‐31 was cost effective at 71% of sites.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Prochloraz application at GS30‐31e0
- Outcome
- cost effectivee0
- Value
- 71% of sitese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Prochloraz application at GS30‐31 was cost effective at 71% of sites.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Eyespot explained under 25% of yield variance at most sites.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- eyespote0pathogen
- Outcome
- variance in yielde0
- Value
- less than 25%e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“At most sites, in regression of yield on eyespot, eyespot accounted for less than 25% of the variance in yield.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Each 1% more tillers with severe eyespot was associated with 0·21 % yield loss.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- eyespote0pathogen
- Outcome
- yield losse0
- Direction
- losse0
- Value
- 0·21 %e0
- Qualifier
- each 1% increase in the percentage of tillers affected by severe eyespote0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“each 1% increase in the percentage of tillers affected by severe eyespot was associated with a yield loss of 0·21 %.”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Eyespot at GS75 correlated positively with eyespot at GS30‐31.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- eyespote0pathogen
- Outcome
- eyespot at GS75e0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Comparator
- GS30‐31e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There was a significant positive correlation between eyespot at GS75 and GS30‐31”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Prochloraz yield increase correlated positively with eyespot at GS75 but not GS30‐31.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- prochloraz treatmente0
- Outcome
- yield increasee0
- Direction
- positivee1
- Qualifier
- but not between yield increase and eyespot at GS30‐31e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“between yield increase from prochloraz treatment (at GS30‐31) and eyespot at GS75, but not between yield increase and eyespot at GS30‐31.”
e1“There was a significant positive correlation between eyespot at GS75 and GS30‐31”
t0“winter wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
The 20% tiller threshold indicated treatment cost effectiveness at 60% of sites.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- reliable indicator of the cost‐effectiveness of treatmente0
- Value
- 60% of sitese0
- Qualifier
- 20% tillers affected at GS30‐31e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The ADAS threshold for fungicide application of 20% tillers affected at GS30‐31 was a reliable indicator of the cost‐effectiveness of treatment at 60% of sites.”
t0“winter wheat”
The same questions in other papers
carbendazim · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results differ
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- negative
- negative
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See all 10 papers →prochloraz · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
fungicide · yield · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
231 papers in the same direction as this paper · 30 in the opposite direction
- positive
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- no effect
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See all 262 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.