Abstract
Both deficiency and excess of P, Zn and Cu are common in soils and crops of Hungary. The excess and deficiency of P occurring in agricultural soils and crops is a consequence of previous fertilization practice. Zn deficiency occurs mainly on calcareous soils well fertilized with P under maize, while Cu deficiency is often detected on poor sandy soils and on organic soils under other crops. Zn and Cu excess has been measured in city soils, in soils near highways and industrial areas. In the present paper the effect of P supply is shown on yield and P/Zn ratios of crops, presenting the phenomena of the P-induced Zn deficiency on a calcareous loamy chernozem soil. In an other long-term field trial on the same soil, the effect of Cu and Zn loads was studied on soil and crop. The main conclusions drawn from these long-term field experiments are as follows: 1. An excess of available P in the plough layer of this soil might be detected by the ammonium lactate (AL) method when the soil analysis shows concentrations higher than 150-200 mg/kg P 2 O 5 . The P/Zn ratios of 6-leaf stage shoots and harvested straw of maize grown on these plots might be higher than 200, while that of grain 150-200. 2. In the frame of a fertilization program, P-induced Zn deficiency can be counterbalanced effectively on such calcareous chernozem soils with the application of P and Zn fertilizers in a ratio around 10:1. 3. The Cu content of crops could not be markedly raised by using CuSO 4 fertilizer, even with rates as high as 270 or 810 kg/ha Cu. However, as an effect of increased NxP fertilization, the Cu content of maize grain doubled, or that of maize straw was 4-times higher. This is an important tool for the Cu enrichment of animal diet, when maize straw is also used for animal feeding. 4. The soil and plant analysis data are proper means of controlling soil fertility and crop nutritional status when the soil and plant data are previously calibrated in long-term field experiments.
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Maize shoot and straw P/Zn ratios exceeded 200 and grain ratios were 150–200 on plots with excess available P.
- Organ / stage
- 6-leaf stage shoots and harvested strawe0
- Outcome
- P/Zn ratiose0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 200e0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The P/Zn ratios of 6-leaf stage shoots and harvested straw of maize grown on these plots might be higher than 200, while that of grain 150-200.”
Claim · model-written summary
P-induced Zn deficiency could be counterbalanced with P and Zn fertilizer at about a 10:1 ratio.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“P-induced Zn deficiency can be counterbalanced effectively on such calcareous chernozem soils with the application of P and Zn fertilizers in a ratio around 10:1.”
Claim · model-written summary
CuSO4 fertilizer did not markedly raise crop Cu content even at high rates.
- Taxon
- cropse0
- Treatment
- CuSO 4 fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Cu content of cropse0
- Direction
- could not be markedly raisede0
- Value
- 270 or 810 kg/ha Cue0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The Cu content of crops could not be markedly raised by using CuSO 4 fertilizer, even with rates as high as 270 or 810 kg/ha Cu.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased NxP fertilization doubled maize grain Cu content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as an effect of increased NxP fertilization, the Cu content of maize grain doubled”
Claim · model-written summary
Increased NxP fertilization made maize straw Cu content four times higher.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“as an effect of increased NxP fertilization, the Cu content of maize grain doubled, or that of maize straw was 4-times higher.”
Claim · model-written summary
Calibrated soil and plant analyses were suitable for monitoring fertility and crop nutrition.
- Taxon
- plante0
- Outcome
- controlling soil fertility and crop nutritional statuse0
- Qualifier
- previously calibrated in long-term field experimentse0
Not reportedComparatorValue
Verbatim
e0“The soil and plant analysis data are proper means of controlling soil fertility and crop nutritional status when the soil and plant data are previously calibrated in long-term field experiments.”
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