Abstract
Auxin and nitric oxide (NO) play fundamental roles throughout plant life. NO is a second messenger in auxin signal transduction leading to root developmental processes. The mechanisms triggered by auxin and NO that direct adventitious root (AR) formation are beginning to be unraveled. The goal of this work was to study phospholipid (PL) signaling during the auxin- and NO-induced AR formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus) explants. Explants were labeled with 32P-inorganic phosphate and treated with the auxins indole-3-acetic acid or 1-naphthylacetic acid, or the NO donor S-nitroso N-acetyl penicillamine, in the presence or absence of the specific NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide. PLs were separated by thin-layer chromatography and quantified. We report that the signaling PLs phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate accumulated within 1 min after auxin or NO treatment. Both auxin and NO evoked similar and transient time course responses, since signaling PLs returned to control levels after 20 or 30 min of treatment. The results indicate that auxin relies on NO in inducing PA, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate accumulation. Furthermore, we demonstrate that auxin and NO trigger PA formation via phospholipase D (PLD) activity. Explants treated for 10 min with auxin or NO displayed a 200% increase in AR number compared with control explants. In addition, PLD activity was required for the auxin- and NO-induced AR formation. Finally, exogenously applied PA increased up to 300% the number of ARs. Altogether, our data support the idea that PLD-derived PA is an early signaling event during AR formation induced by auxin and NO in cucumber explants.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin or NO treatment accumulated phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylinositol phosphate and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate within 1 min.
- Taxon
- Cucumber
Cucumis sativust0 - Treatment
- auxin or NO treatmente1
- Outcome
- phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphatee1
- Direction
- accumulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Formation in Cucumber”
e1“We report that the signaling PLs phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate accumulated within 1 min after auxin or NO treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin and NO evoked similar transient responses, with signaling phospholipids returning to control levels after 20 or 30 min.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- auxin and NOe2
- Outcome
- signaling PLse2
- Direction
- returned toe2
- Qualifier
- after 20 or 30 min of treatmente2
- Comparator
- control levelse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Formation in Cucumber”
e2“Both auxin and NO evoked similar and transient time course responses, since signaling PLs returned to control levels after 20 or 30 min of treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin relies on NO to induce accumulation of PA, phosphatidylinositol phosphate and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Compound
- NOe3
- Outcome
- PA, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate accumulatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Formation in Cucumber”
e3“The results indicate that auxin relies on NO in inducing PA, phosphatidylinositol phosphate, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin and NO trigger PA formation via phospholipase D activity.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- auxin and NOe4
- Gene
- phospholipase D (PLD)e4
- Outcome
- PA formatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Formation in Cucumber”
e4“auxin and NO trigger PA formation via phospholipase D (PLD) activity”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin or NO treatment for 10 min increased adventitious root number by 200% relative to control explants.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- auxin or NOe5
- Outcome
- AR numbere5
- Direction
- increasee5
- Value
- 200%e5
- Comparator
- control explantse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Formation in Cucumber”
e5“Explants treated for 10 min with auxin or NO displayed a 200% increase in AR number compared with control explants”
Claim · model-written summary
PLD activity was required for auxin- and NO-induced adventitious root formation.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Gene
- PLD activitye6
- Outcome
- AR formatione6
- Qualifier
- requirede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Formation in Cucumber”
e6“In addition, PLD activity was required for the auxin- and NO-induced AR formation”
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenously applied PA increased the number of adventitious roots by up to 300%.
- Taxon
- CucumberCucumis sativust0
- Treatment
- exogenously applied PAe7
- Outcome
- number of ARse7
- Direction
- increasede7
- Value
- up to 300%e7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Formation in Cucumber”
e7“exogenously applied PA increased up to 300% the number of ARs”
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