Abstract
A study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of the application of several fungicide treatments used in Spanish vines on Aspergillus carbonarius growth and ochratoxin A production. Three trials were designed in order: (1) to screen 26 fungicides at the doses recommended by manufacturers on grape-like synthetic medium at 20 and 30 degrees C; (2) to find out the minimum inhibitory concentration of each fungicide for A. carbonarius growth on synthetic medium; and (3) to investigate the effect of several fungicides on A. carbonarius-inoculated grapes. In synthetic medium nine fungicides significantly reduced A. carbonarius growth rate. Meanwhile, 13 fungicides completely inhibited its growth. In general, growth was faster at 30 degrees C than at 20 degrees C, contrary to ochratoxin A production. Fungicides that stopped fungal growth also inhibited ochratoxin A production, but not all the fungicides that reduced growth reduced the ochratoxin A synthesis. In general, fungicides that contained copper or strobilurins reduced both growth and ochratoxin A production, contrary to sulphur fungicides. At the optimum temperature for A. carbonarius growth of 30 degrees C, higher amounts of fungicide were needed to prevent fungal growth than at 20 degrees C. Among the fungicides that inhibited A. carbonarius growth on synthetic medium at the initial doses, cyprodinil seemed to be the active ingredient more effective at stopping fungal growth when testing reduced doses. The fungicide effect on grapes was similar to that on synthetic medium. Both infection and ochratoxin A production were reduced when using cyprodinil (37.5%) plus fludioxonil (25%) and azoxystrobin (25%). Penconazole (10%) also showed a clear reduction in ochratoxin A production at both temperatures, although infection was only reduced at 20 degrees C. Ochratoxin A reduction was strain and temperature-dependent. In general, fenhexamid (50%), mancozeb (80%) and copper hydroxide (80%) plus copper (50%) enhanced infection and ochratoxin A production.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
Nine fungicides reduced fungal growth on synthetic medium.
- Taxon
- A. carbonariusAspergillus carbonariuse0
- Treatment
- nine fungicidese0
- Outcome
- A. carbonarius growth ratee0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- ninee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“In synthetic medium nine fungicides significantly reduced A. carbonarius growth rate.”
Claim · model-written summary
Thirteen fungicides completely inhibited fungal growth on synthetic medium.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus carbonariusAspergillus carbonariust0
- Treatment
- 13 fungicidese0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 13e0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Meanwhile, 13 fungicides completely inhibited its growth.”
t0“Aspergillus carbonarius”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal growth was generally faster at 30 than 20 degrees C.
Verbatim
e0“In general, growth was faster at 30 degrees C than at 20 degrees C, contrary to ochratoxin A production.”
t0“Aspergillus carbonarius”
Claim · model-written summary
Ochratoxin A production was lower at 30 than 20 degrees C.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus carbonariusAspergillus carbonariust0
- Treatment
- 30 degrees Ce0
- Outcome
- ochratoxin A productione0
- Comparator
- 20 degrees Ce0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“In general, growth was faster at 30 degrees C than at 20 degrees C, contrary to ochratoxin A production.”
t0“Aspergillus carbonarius”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicides stopping growth also inhibited ochratoxin production.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus carbonariusAspergillus carbonariust0
- Treatment
- Fungicides that stopped fungal growthe0
- Outcome
- ochratoxin A productione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Fungicides that stopped fungal growth also inhibited ochratoxin A production”
t0“Aspergillus carbonarius”
Claim · model-written summary
Some fungicides reducing growth did not reduce toxin synthesis.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus carbonariusAspergillus carbonariust0
- Outcome
- ochratoxin A synthesise0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“not all the fungicides that reduced growth reduced the ochratoxin A synthesis”
t0“Aspergillus carbonarius”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper or strobilurin fungicides reduced fungal growth.
Verbatim
e0“fungicides that contained copper or strobilurins reduced both growth and ochratoxin A production, contrary to sulphur fungicides”
t0“Aspergillus carbonarius”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper or strobilurin fungicides reduced ochratoxin A production.
Verbatim
e0“fungicides that contained copper or strobilurins reduced both growth and ochratoxin A production, contrary to sulphur fungicides”
t0“Aspergillus carbonarius”
Claim · model-written summary
More fungicide was needed to prevent growth at 30 than 20 degrees C.
- Taxon
- A. carbonariusAspergillus carbonariuse0
- Outcome
- amounts of fungicidee0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- 20 degrees Ce0
Verbatim
e0“At the optimum temperature for A. carbonarius growth of 30 degrees C, higher amounts of fungicide were needed to prevent fungal growth than at 20 degrees C.”
Claim · model-written summary
At reduced doses cyprodinil appeared the most effective of initial growth inhibitors.
- Taxon
- Aspergillus carbonariusAspergillus carbonariust0
- Treatment
- cyprodinile0
- Outcome
- more effective at stopping fungal growthe0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
Verbatim
e0“cyprodinil seemed to be the active ingredient more effective at stopping fungal growth when testing reduced doses”
t0“Aspergillus carbonarius”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide effects on grapes resembled effects on synthetic medium.
Verbatim
e0“The fungicide effect on grapes was similar to that on synthetic medium.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyprodinil plus fludioxonil reduced grape infection and ochratoxin production.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- cyprodinil (37.5%) plus fludioxonil (25%)e0
- Interactor
- Aspergillus carbonariusAspergillus carbonariust0pathogen
- Outcome
- infection and ochratoxin A productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Both infection and ochratoxin A production were reduced when using cyprodinil (37.5%) plus fludioxonil (25%) and azoxystrobin (25%).”
t0“Aspergillus carbonariusgrowth and ochratoxin A production on synthetic grape-like medium and on grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Azoxystrobin reduced grape infection and ochratoxin production.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- azoxystrobin (25%)e0
- Outcome
- infection and ochratoxin A productione0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Both infection and ochratoxin A production were reduced when using cyprodinil (37.5%) plus fludioxonil (25%) and azoxystrobin (25%).”
t0“grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Penconazole reduced ochratoxin production at both temperatures.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- Penconazole (10%)e0
- Outcome
- ochratoxin A productione0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Qualifier
- both temperaturese0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Penconazole (10%) also showed a clear reduction in ochratoxin A production at both temperatures”
t0“grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Penconazole reduced infection only at 20 degrees C.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Penconazole (10%) also showed a clear reduction in ochratoxin A production at both temperatures, although infection was only reduced at 20 degrees C.”
t0“grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Ochratoxin reduction varied by strain and temperature.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“Ochratoxin A reduction was strain and temperature-dependent.”
t0“grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenhexamid enhanced infection and ochratoxin production.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- fenhexamid (50%)e0
- Outcome
- infection and ochratoxin A productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“fenhexamid (50%), mancozeb (80%) and copper hydroxide (80%) plus copper (50%) enhanced infection and ochratoxin A production”
t0“grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Mancozeb enhanced infection and ochratoxin production.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- mancozeb (80%)e0
- Outcome
- infection and ochratoxin A productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“fenhexamid (50%), mancozeb (80%) and copper hydroxide (80%) plus copper (50%) enhanced infection and ochratoxin A production”
t0“grapes”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper hydroxide plus copper enhanced infection and ochratoxin production.
- Taxon
- grapest0
- Treatment
- copper hydroxide (80%) plus copper (50%)e0
- Outcome
- infection and ochratoxin A productione0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“fenhexamid (50%), mancozeb (80%) and copper hydroxide (80%) plus copper (50%) enhanced infection and ochratoxin A production”
t0“grapes”
The same questions in other papers
fenhexamid · disease · VitisPositive and negative results
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Copper hydroxide · disease · VitisPositive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
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mancozeb · disease · VitisPositive and negative results
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See all 5 papers →copper atom · disease · VitisPositive and negative results
6 in the opposite direction
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See all 7 papers →azoxystrobin · disease · VitisPositive and negative results
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See all 10 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.