Abstract
Estimation of the α-amylase in various parts of germinating, dehusked whole barley and in sections of the grain cultured in vitro, shows that in malt some 7% of the α-amylase is located in the embryo while, of the remaining 93% in the endosperm, about 6.5% originated in the embryo and 86.5% in the aleurone layer. Various parts of the aleurone layer responded equally well to gibberellic acid, in modifying the adjacent endosperm. In presence of gibberellic acid, isolated pieces of aleurone layer increased their respiration slightly and released α-amylase along with other enzymes, without supply of an external source of nitrogen. On the other hand, the production of α-amylase by barley embryos was best supported by a mixture of amino acids in the form of a commercial casein hydrolysate. Under some circumstances sugars suppressed enzyme production, but gibberellic acid increased α-amylase production when the culture medium contained casein hydrolysate. Various metabolic poisons and amino acid analogues decreased the levels of α-amylase found while depressing the amount of radio-activity incorporated from labelled amino acids, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is involved in the production of α-amylase by the embryo as in the earlier findings with aleurone layer. Acetate decreased acrospire growth though it supported α-amylase production, suggesting that this substance might be used as a growth regulator in malting.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
About 7% of malt alpha-amylase was in the embryo.
Verbatim
e0“in malt some 7% of the α-amylase is located in the embryo”
Claim · model-written summary
About 6.5% of malt alpha-amylase originated in the embryo and was in the endosperm.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Organ / stage
- embryoe0
- Outcome
- originated in the embryoe0
- Value
- 6.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“about 6.5% originated in the embryo”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
About 86.5% of malt alpha-amylase originated in the aleurone layer.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- aleurone layere0
- Outcome
- α-amylasee1
- Value
- 86.5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“86.5% in the aleurone layer”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
e1“in malt some 7% of the α-amylase is located in the embryo”
Claim · model-written summary
Different aleurone regions responded equally to gibberellic acid in modifying adjacent endosperm.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- modifying the adjacent endosperme0
- Direction
- equally welle0
- Comparator
- Various parts of the aleurone layere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various parts of the aleurone layer responded equally well to gibberellic acid, in modifying the adjacent endosperm.”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid slightly increased respiration of isolated aleurone pieces.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- aleurone layere0
- Treatment
- gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- respiratione0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In presence of gibberellic acid, isolated pieces of aleurone layer increased their respiration slightly”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Isolated aleurone released alpha-amylase and other enzymes with gibberellic acid, without external nitrogen.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- aleurone layere0
- Treatment
- gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- released α-amylase along with other enzymese0
- Qualifier
- without supply of an external source of nitrogene0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In presence of gibberellic acid, isolated pieces of aleurone layer increased their respiration slightly and released α-amylase along with other enzymes, without supply of an external source of nitrogen.”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acids as casein hydrolysate best supported embryo alpha-amylase production.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Organ / stage
- embryose0
- Treatment
- a mixture of amino acids in the form of a commercial casein hydrolysatee0
- Outcome
- production of α-amylasee0
- Direction
- best supportede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“production of α-amylase by barley embryos was best supported by a mixture of amino acids in the form of a commercial casein hydrolysate”
Claim · model-written summary
Sugars suppressed enzyme production in some circumstances.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- sugarse0
- Outcome
- enzyme productione0
- Direction
- suppressede0
- Qualifier
- Under some circumstancese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under some circumstances sugars suppressed enzyme production”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Gibberellic acid raised alpha-amylase production with casein hydrolysate in the medium.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- gibberellic acide0
- Outcome
- α-amylase productione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- when the culture medium contained casein hydrolysatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“gibberellic acid increased α-amylase production when the culture medium contained casein hydrolysate”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Metabolic poisons reduced alpha-amylase levels and labelled amino acid incorporation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- metabolic poisonse0
- Outcome
- levels of α-amylase founde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various metabolic poisons and amino acid analogues decreased the levels of α-amylase found while depressing the amount of radio-activity incorporated from labelled amino acids”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Amino acid analogues reduced alpha-amylase levels and labelled amino acid incorporation.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- amino acid analoguese0
- Outcome
- levels of α-amylase founde0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Various metabolic poisons and amino acid analogues decreased the levels of α-amylase found while depressing the amount of radio-activity incorporated from labelled amino acids”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
The parallel declines suggest de novo protein synthesis produces embryo alpha-amylase.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- production of α-amylase by the embryoe0
- Qualifier
- de novo protein synthesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“suggesting that de novo protein synthesis is involved in the production of α-amylase by the embryo”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetate reduced acrospire growth.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Acetatee0
- Outcome
- acrospire growthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetate decreased acrospire growth though it supported α-amylase production”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Acetate supported alpha-amylase production.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- Acetatee0
- Outcome
- α-amylase productione0
- Direction
- supportede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Acetate decreased acrospire growth though it supported α-amylase production”
t0“germinating, dehusked whole barley”
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See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.