Abstract
Some insecticides can be used jointly with entomopathogenic fungi, and therefore the combination of chemical and biological control measures can be a safe and effective method to control insect pests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the costs and efficacy of combinations of Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) with thiamethoxam and imidacloprid on spittlebug (Mahanarua fimbriolata (Stål); Hemiptera: Cercopidae) control on sugarcane. The experiment was conducted as a randomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments included a control (untreated), thiamethoxam (250 g ha-1), imidacloprid (700 g ha-1), M. anisopliae (M. a.) (3 × 1012 conidia ha-1), A1 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 65 g ha-1 of thiamethoxam), A2 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 125 g ha-1 of thiamethoxam), A3 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 187.5 g ha-1 of thiamethoxam), A4 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 175 g ha-1 of imidacloprid), A5 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 350 g ha-1of imidacloprid), and A6 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 525g ha-1 of imidacloprid). The reductions in the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment compared to the control were similar at 15 DAT (days after treatment) in all treatments except combination A5 (M. anisopliae and thiamethoxam). At 30 DAT, the numbers of nymphs were significantly reduced in all treatments except A3, and their effectiveness ranged from 14.28% to 92.85%. At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively. At 75 DAT the 2 best control efficacies occurred in treatments A1 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 of 65g ha-1 of thiamethoxam) (82.1%) and A5 (78.6%) (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 350 g ha-1of imidacloprid). At 90 DAT the number of nymphs in the control had increased 2.8 fold over the number at 75 DAT. Very good control efficacies at 90 DAT occurred in all treatments with the combination of the fungus with an insecticide. At 105 DAT the numbers of nymphs had surged in all treatments, and no treatment provided effective control. The treatments with the highest earnings per hectare were A1 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 65 g thiamethoxam) and M. anisopliae alone at the recommended dose of 3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha-1. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of using either thiamethoxam or imidacloprid in combination with M. anisopliae to control M. fimbriolata nymphs on sugarcane, but greater net earnings per hectare occurred with the lowest rate of the thiamethoxam combination than with any of the imidacloprid combinations.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
At 15 days, treatments other than A5 similarly reduced spittlebug nymph counts relative to control.
Verbatim
e0“The reductions in the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment compared to the control were similar at 15 DAT (days after treatment) in all treatments except combination A5 (M. anisopliae and thiamethoxam)”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 30 days, treatments except A3 significantly reduced nymph numbers, with effectiveness of 14.28% to 92.85%.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- all treatments except A3e0
- Outcome
- numbers of nymphse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 14.28% to 92.85%e0
- Qualifier
- 30 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 30 DAT, the numbers of nymphs were significantly reduced in all treatments except A3, and their effectiveness ranged from 14.28% to 92.85%”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45 days, imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1 significantly reduced M. fimbriolata nymph numbers.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1e0
- Interactor
- M. fimbriolatae0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 45 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45 days, A1 significantly reduced M. fimbriolata nymph numbers.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A1e0
- Interactor
- M. fimbriolatae0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 45 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45 days, A2 significantly reduced M. fimbriolata nymph numbers.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A2e0
- Interactor
- M. fimbriolatae0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 45 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45 days, A3 significantly reduced M. fimbriolata nymph numbers.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A3e0
- Interactor
- M. fimbriolatae0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 45 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45 days, A4 significantly reduced M. fimbriolata nymph numbers.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A4e0
- Interactor
- M. fimbriolatae0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 45 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45 days, A6 significantly reduced M. fimbriolata nymph numbers.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A6e0
- Interactor
- M. fimbriolatae0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- 45 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45 days, A1 had among the lowest nymph infestations, with 77.41 effectiveness.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A1e0
- Interactor
- M. fimbriolatae0pest
- Outcome
- M. fimbriolata nymph infestationse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 77.41e0
- Qualifier
- 45 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 45 days, A2 had among the lowest nymph infestations, with 87.09 % effectiveness.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A2e0
- Interactor
- M. fimbriolatae0pest
- Outcome
- M. fimbriolata nymph infestationse0
- Direction
- loweste0
- Value
- 87.09 %e0
- Qualifier
- 45 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 45 DAT the numbers of M. fimbriolata nymphs per treatment were significantly reduced in the following treatments: imidacloprid alone at 700g ha-1, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A6; and the combinations A1 and A2 caused the lowest M. fimbriolata nymph infestations and effectiveness rates of 77.41 and 87.09 %, respectively”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75 days, A1 was among the best controls with 82.1% efficacy.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A1e0
- Outcome
- control efficaciese0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 82.1%e0
- Qualifier
- 75 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 75 DAT the 2 best control efficacies occurred in treatments A1 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 of 65g ha-1 of thiamethoxam) (82.1%) and A5 (78.6%) (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 350 g ha-1of imidacloprid)”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
At 75 days, A5 was among the best controls with 78.6% efficacy.
- Taxon
- sugarcanet0
- Treatment
- A5e0
- Outcome
- control efficaciese0
- Direction
- beste0
- Value
- 78.6%e0
- Qualifier
- 75 DATe0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“At 75 DAT the 2 best control efficacies occurred in treatments A1 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 of 65g ha-1 of thiamethoxam) (82.1%) and A5 (78.6%) (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 350 g ha-1of imidacloprid)”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
Nymphs in the untreated control increased 2.8 fold from day 75 to day 90.
Verbatim
e0“At 90 DAT the number of nymphs in the control had increased 2.8 fold over the number at 75 DAT”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
All fungus plus insecticide treatments had very good control efficacy at day 90.
Verbatim
e0“Very good control efficacies at 90 DAT occurred in all treatments with the combination of the fungus with an insecticide”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
Nymph numbers surged in all treatments at day 105.
Verbatim
e0“At 105 DAT the numbers of nymphs had surged in all treatments, and no treatment provided effective control”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
No treatment effectively controlled nymphs at day 105.
Verbatim
e0“At 105 DAT the numbers of nymphs had surged in all treatments, and no treatment provided effective control”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
A1 gave among the highest earnings per hectare.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments with the highest earnings per hectare were A1 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 65 g thiamethoxam) and M. anisopliae alone at the recommended dose of 3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha-1”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
M. anisopliae alone at the recommended dose of 3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha-1 gave among the highest earnings per hectare.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments with the highest earnings per hectare were A1 (3 × 1012 M. a. conidia ha-1 65 g thiamethoxam) and M. anisopliae alone at the recommended dose of 3 × 10 12 M. a. conidia ha-1”
t0“Sugarcane”
Claim · model-written summary
The lowest rate thiamethoxam combination earned more per hectare than imidacloprid combinations.
Verbatim
e0“greater net earnings per hectare occurred with the lowest rate of the thiamethoxam combination than with any of the imidacloprid combinations”
t0“Sugarcane”
The same questions in other papers
imidacloprid · pest · Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
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2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.