Abstract
The AAL-toxins and fumonisins are a group of chemically related phytotoxic congeners produced by Alternaria alternata f. sp. lycopersici and Fusarium moniliforme, respectively, that also are widespread mycotoxins with important health implications. These mycotoxins, which bear a structural relationship to the sphingoid base, sphingosine, also incite maladies in animals ranging from neoplasms to renal, neural, and hepatic necrosis. A. alternata f. sp. lycopersici causes the Alternaria stem canker disease in tomatoes, while F. moniliforme causes pink ear rot of maize and is associated with post-harvest contamination of many different food staples. These toxins are potent inhibitors of ceramide synthase in plants and animals. Sphingoid bases are mediators of signal transduction leading to neoplasms and necrosis in animals. Significant inhibition of ceramide synthase in microsomal preparations of tomato occurs at 20 nM with an I 50 in the range of 35–40 nM for both AAL-toxin, TA, and fumonisin, FB 1 . In plants, specific alterations of physiological processes associated with cellular response to these toxins appears to be required for cell death. A net decrease in sucrose influx to treated leaves occurs within 4 h of AAL-toxin treatment. Untreated leaves of toxin-resistant and -sensitive isolines of tomato show significant differences in sucrose transport capacity. Exogenous application of sucrose transport inhibitors mimicked AAL-toxin symptoms and enhanced cell death in susceptible lines of tomato. Conversely, the accumulation of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACQ occurred in 1 h and increased rapidly during the next 6 h after exposure to AAL-toxin. ACC accumulation is followed by a burst in ethylene within 12 h. Application of specific inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or ethylene action results in a decrease in toxin-induced cell death. These toxins appear to be useful tools for defining biochemical and molecular features common to induced cell death in both plants and animals. Key words: AAL-toxins, fumonisins, mycotoxins, host-selective toxins, Alternaria stem canker, Alternaria alternata, Fusarium moniliforme.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
AAL toxin and fumonisin inhibit tomato ceramide synthase in microsomes at 20 nM.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- AAL-toxin, TA, and fumonisin, FB 1e0
- Gene
- ceramide synthasee0
- Outcome
- inhibition of ceramide synthasee0
- Direction
- inhibitione0
- Value
- 20 nMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant inhibition of ceramide synthase in microsomal preparations of tomato occurs at 20 nM with an I 50 in the range of 35–40 nM for both AAL-toxin, TA, and fumonisin, FB 1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
The reported I50 for AAL toxin and fumonisin inhibition was 35–40 nM.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- AAL-toxin, TA, and fumonisin, FB 1e0
- Gene
- ceramide synthasee0
- Outcome
- I 50e0
- Value
- 35–40 nMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Significant inhibition of ceramide synthase in microsomal preparations of tomato occurs at 20 nM with an I 50 in the range of 35–40 nM for both AAL-toxin, TA, and fumonisin, FB 1 .”
Claim · model-written summary
AAL toxin treatment reduced sucrose influx to leaves within four hours.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- AAL-toxin treatmente0
- Outcome
- sucrose influx to treated leavese0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Qualifier
- within 4 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A net decrease in sucrose influx to treated leaves occurs within 4 h of AAL-toxin treatment.”
e1“microsomal preparations of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated toxin resistant and sensitive tomato isolines differed significantly in sucrose transport.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- toxin-resistant and -sensitive isolinese0
- Outcome
- sucrose transport capacitye0
- Direction
- significant differencese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Untreated leaves of toxin-resistant and -sensitive isolines of tomato show significant differences in sucrose transport capacity.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose transport inhibitors mimicked AAL toxin symptoms in susceptible tomato lines.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- susceptible linese0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of sucrose transport inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- AAL-toxin symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of sucrose transport inhibitors mimicked AAL-toxin symptoms and enhanced cell death in susceptible lines of tomato.”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose transport inhibitors enhanced cell death in susceptible tomato lines.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- susceptible linese0
- Treatment
- Exogenous application of sucrose transport inhibitorse0
- Outcome
- cell deathe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exogenous application of sucrose transport inhibitors mimicked AAL-toxin symptoms and enhanced cell death in susceptible lines of tomato.”
Claim · model-written summary
AAL toxin exposure led to rapid accumulation of the ethylene precursor within one hour.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- exposure to AAL-toxine0
- Outcome
- accumulation of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acide0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- occurred in 1 he0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the accumulation of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACQ occurred in 1 h and increased rapidly during the next 6 h after exposure to AAL-toxin.”
e1“microsomal preparations of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene rose within 12 hours after precursor accumulation.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Outcome
- ethylenee0
- Direction
- burste0
- Qualifier
- within 12 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ACC accumulation is followed by a burst in ethylene within 12 h.”
e1“microsomal preparations of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or action reduced toxin induced cell death.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- specific inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or ethylene actione0
- Outcome
- toxin-induced cell deathe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of specific inhibitors of ethylene synthesis or ethylene action results in a decrease in toxin-induced cell death.”
e1“microsomal preparations of tomato”
The same questions in other papers
ethene · cytology · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
sucrose · disease · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.