Abstract
Rice sterility due to a high temperature at flowering is a serious agricultural problem that has been associated with global warming. The flowering stage in rice plants is most vulnerable to high temperature stress. Closed flowering rice plants may better withstand high temperature stress. The aim of this study was to determine the role of cleistogamy (closed flowering) in avoiding high temperature-induced sterility. Cleistogamy was induced by moderate heat treatment at 30°C during the panicle development stage. Both cleistogamous and chasmogamous (ordinary open flowering) rice plants, which possess the same genetic background, were subjected to 38°C or 36°C for 4 h just before flowering, and the percentage of fertility, number of pollen grains on a stigma, number of germinated pollen grains on a stigma, and temperatures inside and outside of the closed spikelets were examined. The cleistogamous rice plants showed a higher fertility percentage and a larger number of germinated pollen grains on a stigma than the chasmogamous rice plants. The temperature inside the closed flowering spikelets was 1.8°C lower than that outside the spikelets. The cleistogamous rice plants thus showed avoidance to high temperature stress at 38°C at flowering. On the basis of these results, we concluded that cleistogamy was advantageous to rice pollination and fertilization at high temperatures because of glume cooling.
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Claims 4
Claim · model-written summary
Cleistogamous rice plants had a higher fertility percentage than chasmogamous plants under high-temperature treatment at flowering.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- 38°C or 36°C for 4 h just before floweringe2
- Outcome
- fertility percentagee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- chasmogamous rice plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Rice”
e1“The cleistogamous rice plants showed a higher fertility percentage and a larger number of germinated pollen grains on a stigma than the chasmogamous rice plants”
e2“Both cleistogamous and chasmogamous (ordinary open flowering) rice plants, which possess the same genetic background, were subjected to 38°C or 36°C for 4 h just before flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
Cleistogamous rice plants had a larger number of germinated pollen grains on the stigma than chasmogamous plants under high-temperature treatment.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- 38°C or 36°C for 4 h just before floweringe2
- Outcome
- number of germinated pollen grains on a stigmae1
- Direction
- largere1
- Comparator
- chasmogamous rice plantse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Rice”
e1“The cleistogamous rice plants showed a higher fertility percentage and a larger number of germinated pollen grains on a stigma than the chasmogamous rice plants”
e2“Both cleistogamous and chasmogamous (ordinary open flowering) rice plants, which possess the same genetic background, were subjected to 38°C or 36°C for 4 h just before flowering”
Claim · model-written summary
The temperature inside the closed flowering spikelets was 1.8°C lower than outside the spikelets.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Outcome
- temperature inside the closed flowering spikeletse3
- Direction
- lowere3
- Value
- 1.8°Ce3
- Comparator
- outside the spikeletse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“in Rice”
e3“The temperature inside the closed flowering spikelets was 1.8°C lower than that outside the spikelets”
Claim · model-written summary
Cleistogamy is advantageous to rice pollination and fertilization at high temperature, because of glume cooling.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae4
- Outcome
- pollination and fertilizatione4
- Qualifier
- glume coolinge4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“cleistogamy was advantageous to rice pollination and fertilization at high temperatures because of glume cooling”
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