Abstract
Summary An account is given of the damage caused by adults and larvae of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) to the young unopened fronds of coconut palms in the British Solomon Islands. Normally, only young palms less than 10 years old are severely attacked, but this has interfered seriously with replanting programmes. Full-grown palms suffer severe damage only occasionally; reasons for this difference in susceptibility are suggested. Earlier reports, that seedlings of Malayan type are more readily and severely attacked than those of Samoan or local origin, were confirmed. A fertiliser treatment had no effect on the growth of the palms or the amount of damage by Brontispa . Laboratory tests showed that the deposit from a spray of 0·2 per cent. p,p′DDT was completely effective for three–four weeks, that chlordane (0·16%) became significantly less effective in the third and fourth weeks, and that dusts of DDT, alone and with BHC, showed signs of diminished efficiency in the fourth week. In small-plot trials with sprays of DDT or chlordane, applied at various concentrations and frequencies, the effects of treatment were assessed by counts, at suitable intervals, of living and dead examples of Brontispa , by estimating damage to the youngest open frond, and by measuring the growth of seedlings. DDT at 0·1, 0·2 and 0·3 per cent. of p,p′isomer, and chlordane at 0·08, 0·16 and 0·24 per cent. gave very satisfactory control of a heavy attack of the beetle and suppression of damage. Applications at 10-day intervals were more effective than 3-weekly ones. Similar trials with dieldrin at 0·1 per cent. and DDT at 0·3 per cent. against a light attack were completely effective. In further trials, direct comparisons were made between DDT at 0·25 and 0·025 per cent., chlordane at 0·16 per cent. and dieldrin at 0·15 per cent. applied at both fortnightly and monthly intervals. The lower concentration of DDT was much less effective than the other treatments. DDT at the higher concentration and dieldrin were equally effective when applied at fortnightly intervals, but at monthly intervals the latter was superior in control of immigrant beetles. This is attributed to its greater persistence. It is concluded that, in the formulations used in this trial, dieldrin is superior to DDT and chlordane. Further trials with dieldrin at 0·15 per cent. showed that palms subjected to only moderate reinfestation were adequately protected by spraying every six weeks, whilst isolated areas of young palms may be left much longer, probably several months, once the initial population has been controlled. The maximum frequency, under the most adverse conditions, might vary between 2 and 4 weeks, initially. Varietal susceptibility in the coconut does not affect the efficiency of control. Slight phytotoxicity, indicated by retardation of growth and rate of production of new fronds, was caused by frequent applications of high volumes of spray, but the volume necessary to produce such effect is considerably in excess of that required for satisfactory control. Unnecessarily high volumes and concentrations should, however, be avoided. The spray was applied to each palm, individually, downwards on to the central spike, where the beetle lives. Equipment capable of delivering a fine, low-volume spray controlled by an efficient trigger tap will use only about 16 cc. spray per palm up to 3 years old. With a low-volume atomiser, this consumption can be reduced to about 6 cc. An imitation aerial spray gave promising but inconclusive results. With the proprietary formulations of insecticides used, the addition of a wetting agent was unnecessary. Field applications were tried out in the Russell Islands on extensive areas of young palms that showed heavy beetle attack. Sprays containing dieldrin or DDT, each in two proprietary formulations, gave excellent and satisfactory results, respectively. It is concluded that the experiments clearly indicate that very satisfactory control can be achieved at low cost, and that a programme of replanting could be safely embarked upon without fear of the severe losses, due to Brontispa , that have been suffered in the past.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Young coconut palms under ten years were usually severely attacked.
- Taxon
- Coconut Palms
Cocos nuciferat0 - Organ / stage
- young palmse0
- Outcome
- severely attackede0
- Qualifier
- less than 10 years olde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Normally, only young palms less than 10 years old are severely attacked”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Malayan seedlings were more readily and severely attacked than Samoan or local seedlings.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Material
- Malayan typee0
- Outcome
- attackede0
- Direction
- more readily and severelye0
- Comparator
- Samoan or local origine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“seedlings of Malayan type are more readily and severely attacked than those of Samoan or local origin”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertiliser had no effect on palm growth.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- fertiliser treatmente0
- Outcome
- growth of the palmse0
- Direction
- no effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A fertiliser treatment had no effect on the growth of the palms or the amount of damage by Brontispa”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertiliser had no effect on Brontispa damage.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- fertiliser treatmente0
- Outcome
- amount of damage by Brontispae0
- Direction
- no effecte0
BrontispaNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A fertiliser treatment had no effect on the growth of the palms or the amount of damage by Brontispa”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
DDT spray deposits were completely effective for three to four weeks in laboratory tests.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- spray of 0·2 per cent. p,p′DDTe0
- Outcome
- completely effectivee0
- Direction
- completely effectivee0
- Qualifier
- three–four weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the deposit from a spray of 0·2 per cent. p,p′DDT was completely effective for three–four weeks”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlordane became significantly less effective in weeks three and four.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- chlordane (0·16%)e0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- less effectivee0
- Qualifier
- third and fourth weekse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlordane (0·16%) became significantly less effective in the third and fourth weeks”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
DDT dust alone showed diminished efficacy in week four.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- DDTe0
- Outcome
- efficiencye0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Qualifier
- fourth weeke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dusts of DDT, alone and with BHC, showed signs of diminished efficiency in the fourth week”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
DDT dust with BHC showed diminished efficacy in week four.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- DDT, alone and with BHCe0
- Outcome
- efficiencye0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Qualifier
- fourth weeke0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“dusts of DDT, alone and with BHC, showed signs of diminished efficiency in the fourth week”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
DDT sprays at the three tested concentrations controlled beetle attack and damage.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- DDT at 0·1, 0·2 and 0·3 per cent. of p,p′isomere0
- Outcome
- control of a heavy attack of the beetle and suppression of damagee0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DDT at 0·1, 0·2 and 0·3 per cent. of p,p′isomer, and chlordane at 0·08, 0·16 and 0·24 per cent. gave very satisfactory control of a heavy attack of the beetle and suppression of damage”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlordane sprays at the three tested concentrations controlled beetle attack and damage.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- chlordane at 0·08, 0·16 and 0·24 per cent.e0
- Outcome
- control of a heavy attack of the beetle and suppression of damagee0
- Direction
- suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“chlordane at 0·08, 0·16 and 0·24 per cent. gave very satisfactory control of a heavy attack of the beetle and suppression of damage”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Ten-day spray intervals were more effective than three-week intervals.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- 10-day intervalse0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
- Comparator
- 3-weekly onese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applications at 10-day intervals were more effective than 3-weekly ones”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Dieldrin at 0.1% completely controlled a light attack.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- dieldrin at 0·1 per cent.e0
- Outcome
- light attacke0
- Direction
- completely effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar trials with dieldrin at 0·1 per cent. and DDT at 0·3 per cent. against a light attack were completely effective”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
DDT at 0.3% completely controlled a light attack.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- DDT at 0·3 per cent.e0
- Outcome
- light attacke0
- Direction
- completely effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar trials with dieldrin at 0·1 per cent. and DDT at 0·3 per cent. against a light attack were completely effective”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Low-concentration DDT was much less effective than other tested treatments.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- lower concentration of DDTe0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- much less effectivee0
- Comparator
- other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lower concentration of DDT was much less effective than the other treatments”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
High-concentration DDT and dieldrin were equally effective at fortnightly intervals.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- DDT at the higher concentratione0
- Outcome
- effectivee0
- Direction
- equally effectivee0
- Qualifier
- fortnightly intervalse0
- Comparator
- dieldrine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DDT at the higher concentration and dieldrin were equally effective when applied at fortnightly intervals”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Dieldrin was superior to DDT for monthly control of immigrant beetles.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Outcome
- control of immigrant beetlese0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Qualifier
- monthly intervalse0
Not reportedTreatmentComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at monthly intervals the latter was superior in control of immigrant beetles”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Dieldrin protected moderately reinfested palms with six-week spraying.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- spraying every six weekse0
- Outcome
- adequately protectede0
- Direction
- adequately protectede0
- Qualifier
- moderate reinfestatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“palms subjected to only moderate reinfestation were adequately protected by spraying every six weeks”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Varietal susceptibility did not affect control efficiency.
Verbatim
e0“Varietal susceptibility in the coconut does not affect the efficiency of control”
Claim · model-written summary
Frequent high-volume spraying slightly retarded growth and new-frond production.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- frequent applications of high volumes of spraye0
- Outcome
- growth and rate of production of new frondse0
- Direction
- retardatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Slight phytotoxicity, indicated by retardation of growth and rate of production of new fronds, was caused by frequent applications of high volumes of spray”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
Claim · model-written summary
Field dieldrin sprays gave excellent results against heavy beetle attack.
- Taxon
- Coconut PalmsCocos nuciferat0
- Treatment
- dieldrine0
- Outcome
- excellente0
- Direction
- excellente0
- Comparator
- DDTe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sprays containing dieldrin or DDT, each in two proprietary formulations, gave excellent and satisfactory results, respectively”
t0“The Control by Insecticides of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleopt., Chrysomelidae–Hispinae) on young Coconut Palms in the British Solomon Islands”
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