Abstract
A multistep two-component signaling system is established as a key element of cytokinin signaling in Arabidopsis. Here, we provide evidence for a function of the two-component signaling system in cold stress response in Arabidopsis. Cold significantly induced the expression of a subset of A-type ARR genes and of GUS in Pro(ARR7):GUS transgenic Arabidopsis. AHK2 and AHK3 were found to be primarily involved in mediating cold to express A-type ARRs despite cytokinin deficiency. Cold neither significantly induced AHK2 and AHK3 expression nor altered the cytokinin contents of wild type within the 4 h during which the A-type ARR genes exhibited peak expression in response to cold, indicating that cold might induce ARR expression via the AHK2 and AHK3 proteins without alterations in cytokinin levels. The ahk2 ahk3 and ahk3 ahk4 mutants exhibited enhanced freezing tolerance compared with wild type. These ahk double mutants acclimated as efficiently to cold as did wild type. The overexpression of the cold-inducible ARR7 in Arabidopsis resulted in a hypersensitivity response to freezing temperatures under cold-acclimated conditions. The expression of C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element target genes was not affected by ARR7 overexpression as well as in ahk double mutants. By contrast, the arr7 mutants showed increased freezing tolerance. The ahk2 ahk3 and arr7 mutants showed hypersensitive response to abscisic acid (ABA) for germination, whereas ARR7 overexpression lines exhibited insensitive response to ABA. These results suggest that AHK2 and AHK3 and the cold-inducible A-type ARRs play a negative regulatory role in cold stress signaling via inhibition of ABA response, occurring independently of the cold acclimation pathway.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Cold significantly induced expression of a subset of A-type ARR genes and GUS in Pro(ARR7):GUS transgenic Arabidopsis.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise1 - Material
- Pro(ARR7):GUS transgenic Arabidopsise1
- Treatment
- Colde1
- Gene
- A-type ARRe1
- Outcome
- expression of a subset of A-type ARR genes and of GUSe1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Cold significantly induced the expression of a subset of A-type ARR genes and of GUS in Pro(ARR7):GUS transgenic Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
AHK2 and AHK3 are primarily involved in mediating cold-induced expression of A-type ARRs despite cytokinin deficiency.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- colde2
- Gene
- AHK2 and AHK3e2
- Outcome
- express A-type ARRse2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“AHK2 and AHK3 were found to be primarily involved in mediating cold to express A-type ARRs despite cytokinin deficiency”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold did not significantly induce AHK2 and AHK3 expression within 4 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- Colde3
- Gene
- AHK2 and AHK3e3
- Outcome
- AHK2 and AHK3 expressione3
- Direction
- neither significantly inducede3
- Qualifier
- within the 4 he3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Cold neither significantly induced AHK2 and AHK3 expression nor altered the cytokinin contents of wild type within the 4 h”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold did not alter cytokinin contents of wild type within 4 h.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- wild typee3
- Treatment
- Colde3
- Outcome
- cytokinin contentse3
- Direction
- nor alterede3
- Qualifier
- within the 4 he3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Cold neither significantly induced AHK2 and AHK3 expression nor altered the cytokinin contents of wild type within the 4 h”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold may induce ARR expression via AHK2 and AHK3 proteins without alterations in cytokinin levels.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- colde4
- Gene
- AHK2 and AHK3e4
- Outcome
- ARR expressione4
- Qualifier
- without alterations in cytokinin levelse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“indicating that cold might induce ARR expression via the AHK2 and AHK3 proteins without alterations in cytokinin levels”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The ahk2 ahk3 and ahk3 ahk4 double mutants showed enhanced freezing tolerance compared with wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ahk2 ahk3 and ahk3 ahk4 mutantse5
- Treatment
- freezinge5
- Outcome
- freezing tolerancee5
- Direction
- enhancede5
- Comparator
- wild typee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“The ahk2 ahk3 and ahk3 ahk4 mutants exhibited enhanced freezing tolerance compared with wild type”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The ahk double mutants acclimated to cold as efficiently as wild type.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ahk double mutantse6
- Treatment
- colde6
- Outcome
- acclimatede6
- Direction
- as efficientlye6
- Comparator
- wild typee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“These ahk double mutants acclimated as efficiently to cold as did wild type”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Overexpression of the cold-inducible ARR7 resulted in a hypersensitivity response to freezing temperatures under cold-acclimated conditions.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise7
- Treatment
- overexpressione7
- Gene
- ARR7e7
- Outcome
- hypersensitivity response to freezing temperaturese7
- Qualifier
- under cold-acclimated conditionse7
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“The overexpression of the cold-inducible ARR7 in Arabidopsis resulted in a hypersensitivity response to freezing temperatures under cold-acclimated conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
ARR7 overexpression did not affect expression of C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element target genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ARR7 overexpressione1
- Outcome
- expression of C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element target genese1
- Direction
- was not affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The expression of C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element target genes was not affected by ARR7 overexpression as well as in ahk double mutants”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The ahk double mutants did not affect expression of C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element target genes.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Treatment
- ahk double mutantse1
- Outcome
- expression of C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element target genese1
- Direction
- was not affectede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The expression of C-repeat/dehydration-responsive element target genes was not affected by ARR7 overexpression as well as in ahk double mutants”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The arr7 mutants showed increased freezing tolerance.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- arr7 mutantse1
- Treatment
- freezinge1
- Outcome
- freezing tolerancee1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The arr7 mutants showed increased freezing tolerance”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The ahk2 ahk3 mutants showed hypersensitive response to ABA for germination.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ahk2 ahk3e1
- Treatment
- abscisic acid (ABA)e1
- Outcome
- hypersensitive response to abscisic acid (ABA) for germinatione1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The ahk2 ahk3 and arr7 mutants showed hypersensitive response to abscisic acid (ABA) for germination”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The arr7 mutants showed hypersensitive response to ABA for germination.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- arr7 mutantse1
- Treatment
- abscisic acid (ABA)e1
- Outcome
- hypersensitive response to abscisic acid (ABA) for germinatione1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The ahk2 ahk3 and arr7 mutants showed hypersensitive response to abscisic acid (ABA) for germination”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
ARR7 overexpression lines showed insensitive response to ABA.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Material
- ARR7 overexpression linese1
- Treatment
- ABAe1
- Outcome
- insensitive response to ABAe1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“whereas ARR7 overexpression lines exhibited insensitive response to ABA”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
AHK2, AHK3 and cold-inducible A-type ARRs may play a negative regulatory role in cold stress signaling via inhibition of ABA response, independently of the cold acclimation pathway.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsist0
- Gene
- AHK2 and AHK3e1
- Outcome
- negative regulatory role in cold stress signalinge1
- Qualifier
- via inhibition of ABA responsee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“These results suggest that AHK2 and AHK3 and the cold-inducible A-type ARRs play a negative regulatory role in cold stress signaling via inhibition of ABA response, occurring independently of the cold acclimation pathway”
t0“Response in Arabidopsis”
The same questions in other papers
cold · molecular: expression · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
20 papers in the same direction as this paper · 18 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
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