Abstract
The influence of nitrogen level, rainfall, seed pools and pasture biomass on the botanical composition of annual pastures was examined over five years at two sites at Baker's Hill in the south-west of Western Australia. At the first site a pasture that had declined in content of Trifolium subterraneum to 5% remained at this level over five years when receiving 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer. On plots not receiving nitrogen fertilizer, but grazed to the same level, Trifolium seedling numbers in autumn increased from 5 dm-2 to a maximum of 60 dm-2, but Trifolium content of the pastures in October only increased to 15%. At the second site, established pasture was resown to different annual pasture species. Plots resown to Trifolium had 30% of Trifolium in October of the reseeding year, but only 5% three years later. Trifolium seedling numbers in autumn were >70 dm-2 in three of four years. The Trifolium was replaced by Arctotheca calendula. Plots sown to Arctotheca maintained c. 50% of this species, whilst plots sown to Erodium botrys also maintained a high level of this species but had very little Arctotheca. Plots sown to the grass Lasiochloa echinata developed a progressively higher content of Arctotheca. Annual grasses (Bromus diandrus, Vulpia myuros, Hordeum leporinum and Lolium rigidum) occurred in all plots, but their contents showed no specific trend with time. The major species were found to have different adaptive characteristics. Whilst seedling number in autumn was a major determinant of the content of a species in the pastures in August, Trifolium content was enhanced by high autumn rainfall and low winter biomass. The contribution of each Trifolium seedling to clover content in August was much less than that of each Arctotheca seedling to the capeweed content at that time. The pasture composition in October was mainly determined by cornposirim in August, although heavy rain in October favoured Arctotheca and light rain favoured the grass species.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
With 100 kg ha-1 nitrogen, Trifolium subterraneum stayed at 5% for five years.
- Taxon
- Trifolium subterraneum
Trifolium subterraneume0 - Treatment
- 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Trifolium subterraneume0
- Direction
- remained at this levele0
- Value
- 5%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium subterraneum to 5% remained at this level over five years when receiving 100 kg ha-1 of nitrogen fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Without nitrogen, autumn Trifolium seedlings rose from 5 to 60 dm-2.
- Treatment
- not receiving nitrogen fertilizere0
- Outcome
- Trifolium seedling numbers in autumne0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60 dm-2e0
- Qualifier
- 5 dm-2e0
TrifoliumNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On plots not receiving nitrogen fertilizer, but grazed to the same level, Trifolium seedling numbers in autumn increased from 5 dm-2 to a maximum of 60 dm-2”
Claim · model-written summary
Without nitrogen, October Trifolium content rose only to 15%.
- Treatment
- not receiving nitrogen fertilizere1
- Outcome
- Trifolium content of the pastures in Octobere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 15%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium content of the pastures in October only increased to 15%”
e1“On plots not receiving nitrogen fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Resown Trifolium declined from 30% in the reseeding year to 5% three years later.
- Outcome
- Trifoliume0
- Direction
- onlye0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Qualifier
- 30% of Trifolium in October of the reseeding yeare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plots resown to Trifolium had 30% of Trifolium in October of the reseeding year, but only 5% three years later.”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifolium seedlings exceeded 70 dm-2 in three of four years.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium seedling numbers in autumn were >70 dm-2 in three of four years.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arctotheca calendula replaced Trifolium.
- Interactor
- Arctotheca calendula
Arctotheca calendulae0weed - Outcome
- replaced by Arctotheca calendulae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The Trifolium was replaced by Arctotheca calendula.”
Claim · model-written summary
Arctotheca-sown plots maintained about 50% Arctotheca.
- Taxon
- Arctotheca
Arctothecae0 - Outcome
- this speciese0
- Value
- c. 50%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plots sown to Arctotheca maintained c. 50% of this species”
Claim · model-written summary
Erodium-sown plots maintained high Erodium and little Arctotheca.
- Taxon
- Erodium botrys
Erodium botryse0 - Outcome
- a high level of this species but had very little Arctothecae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plots sown to Erodium botrys also maintained a high level of this species but had very little Arctotheca”
Claim · model-written summary
Lasiochloa-sown plots developed progressively more Arctotheca.
Verbatim
e0“Plots sown to the grass Lasiochloa echinata developed a progressively higher content of Arctotheca.”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual grasses occurred in every plot without a specific temporal trend.
Verbatim
e0“Annual grasses (Bromus diandrus, Vulpia myuros, Hordeum leporinum and Lolium rigidum) occurred in all plots, but their contents showed no specific trend with time.”
Claim · model-written summary
Autumn seedling number was a major determinant of species content in August.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“seedling number in autumn was a major determinant of the content of a species in the pastures in August”
Claim · model-written summary
High autumn rainfall enhanced Trifolium pasture content.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium content was enhanced by high autumn rainfall”
Claim · model-written summary
Low winter biomass enhanced Trifolium pasture content.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Trifolium content was enhanced by high autumn rainfall and low winter biomass”
Claim · model-written summary
Each Trifolium seedling contributed much less to August clover content than each Arctotheca seedling to capeweed content.
- Outcome
- contribution of each Trifolium seedling to clover content in Auguste0
- Direction
- much lesse0
- Comparator
- each Arctotheca seedlinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The contribution of each Trifolium seedling to clover content in August was much less than that of each Arctotheca seedling to the capeweed content at that time.”
Claim · model-written summary
August composition mainly determined October pasture composition.
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“The pasture composition in October was mainly determined by cornposirim in August”
Claim · model-written summary
Heavy October rain favored Arctotheca.
- Taxon
- ArctothecaArctothecae0
- Outcome
- favoured Arctothecae0
- Direction
- favourede0
- Setting
- heavy rain in Octobere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heavy rain in October favoured Arctotheca”
Claim · model-written summary
Light October rain favored grass species.
Verbatim
e0“light rain favoured the grass species”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · molecular: metabolites · TrifoliumPositive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- no effect
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →fertilization · organism · Trifolium subterraneumResults agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.