Abstract
Two field experiments were conducted at the experimental farm of the National Research Centre at Shalakan, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt, during 2006 and 2007 seasons, to study the effect of three pre-emergence herbicides, prometryn [at the rate of 0.75, 1.5 and 2.25 kg ha-1], oxadiargyl [at the rate of 240, 480 and 720 g ha-1] and butralin [at the rate of 1.20, 2.40 and 3.36 kg ha-1], two hand hoeing treatments and a nonweeded check, on weed infestation, nodulation, growth, yield and yield attributes of soybean plants. Two hand hoeing treatments resulted in the highest weed depression expressed as the lowest fresh and dry weights of broadleaved, grassy and total weeds. The reduction percentage in weed dry matter compared to the nonweeded treatment was 98.3, 92.64 and 96.9% in broadleaved, grassy and total weeds, respectively. Application of the three herbicides at higher or recommended doses significantly reduced fresh and dry weight of the weeds compared to the nonweeded treatment. The results indicated that all the three herbicides at rates higher than the recommended markedly decreased the number, fresh and dry weight of nodules as well as root, shoot and total dry weight plant-1, while application of two hand hoeing treatments significantly increased these traits. Two hand hoeing treatments and pre-emergence herbicides at the recommended rates markedly increased soybean yield and its attributes. Two hand hoeing treatments gave the highest values of number of pods per plant-1, weight of pods per plant-1 and number of seeds per plant-1 by 140.7, 150.0 and 59.8%, respectively, compared to the nonweeded treatment. On the other hand, oxadiargyl at the recommended rate (480 g ha-1) was the best treatment for promoting seed yield (g plant-1), seed yield (kg ha-1) and biological yield (g plant-1) compared to the nonweeded treatment by 87.3, 85.0 and 88.2%, respectively. Prometryn at the rate of 1.50 kg ha-1, followed by two hand hoeing treatments, produced the highest shoot and seed protein percentage as well as seed oil percentage, compared to the other weed control treatments.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Two hand hoeings yielded the lowest fresh and dry weights of broadleaved, grassy and total weeds.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxt0 - Treatment
- Two hand hoeing treatmentse0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weights of broadleaved, grassy and total weedse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two hand hoeing treatments resulted in the highest weed depression expressed as the lowest fresh and dry weights of broadleaved, grassy and total weeds.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing reduced broadleaved weed dry matter by 98.3% against nonweeded plots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Two hand hoeing treatmentst1
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- broadleavede0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 98.3e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction percentage in weed dry matter compared to the nonweeded treatment was 98.3, 92.64 and 96.9% in broadleaved, grassy and total weeds, respectively.”
t0“soybean”
t1“Two hand hoeing treatments resulted in the highest weed depression”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing reduced grassy weed dry matter by 92.64% against nonweeded plots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Two hand hoeing treatmentst1
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- grassye0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 92.64e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction percentage in weed dry matter compared to the nonweeded treatment was 98.3, 92.64 and 96.9% in broadleaved, grassy and total weeds, respectively.”
t0“soybean”
t1“Two hand hoeing treatments resulted in the highest weed depression”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing reduced total weed dry matter by 96.9% against nonweeded plots.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- Two hand hoeing treatmentst1
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- total weedse0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 96.9%e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The reduction percentage in weed dry matter compared to the nonweeded treatment was 98.3, 92.64 and 96.9% in broadleaved, grassy and total weeds, respectively.”
t0“soybean”
t1“Two hand hoeing treatments resulted in the highest weed depression”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher or recommended herbicide doses significantly reduced fresh and dry weed weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three herbicides at higher or recommended dosese0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- fresh and dry weight of the weedse0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of the three herbicides at higher or recommended doses significantly reduced fresh and dry weight of the weeds compared to the nonweeded treatment.”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Above-recommended herbicide rates decreased nodule number and weight and plant dry weight.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- three herbicides at rates higher than the recommendede0
- Outcome
- number, fresh and dry weight of nodulese0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- recommendede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“all the three herbicides at rates higher than the recommended markedly decreased the number, fresh and dry weight of nodules as well as root, shoot and total dry weight plant-1”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Two hand hoeings significantly increased nodule and plant dry-weight traits.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxt0
- Treatment
- two hand hoeing treatmentse0
- Outcome
- number, fresh and dry weight of nodulese1
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while application of two hand hoeing treatments significantly increased these traits.”
e1“number, fresh and dry weight of nodules as well as root, shoot and total dry weight plant-1”
t0“soybean”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing and recommended herbicide rates increased soybean yield and yield attributes.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe0
- Treatment
- Two hand hoeing treatments and pre-emergence herbicides at the recommended ratese0
- Outcome
- soybean yield and its attributese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two hand hoeing treatments and pre-emergence herbicides at the recommended rates markedly increased soybean yield and its attributes.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing increased pods per plant by 140.7% versus nonweeded plots.
- Treatment
- Two hand hoeing treatmentse0
- Outcome
- number of pods per plant-1e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 140.7e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Two hand hoeing treatments gave the highest values of number of pods per plant-1, weight of pods per plant-1 and number of seeds per plant-1 by 140.7, 150.0 and 59.8%, respectively, compared to the nonweeded treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing increased pod weight per plant by 150.0% versus nonweeded plots.
- Treatment
- Two hand hoeing treatmentse0
- Outcome
- weight of pods per plant-1e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 150.0e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Two hand hoeing treatments gave the highest values of number of pods per plant-1, weight of pods per plant-1 and number of seeds per plant-1 by 140.7, 150.0 and 59.8%, respectively, compared to the nonweeded treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hoeing increased seeds per plant by 59.8% versus nonweeded plots.
- Treatment
- Two hand hoeing treatmentse0
- Outcome
- number of seeds per plant-1e0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Value
- 59.8%e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Two hand hoeing treatments gave the highest values of number of pods per plant-1, weight of pods per plant-1 and number of seeds per plant-1 by 140.7, 150.0 and 59.8%, respectively, compared to the nonweeded treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended oxadiargyl raised seed yield per plant by 87.3%.
- Treatment
- oxadiargyl at the recommended rate (480 g ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- seed yield (g plant-1)e0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Value
- 87.3e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“oxadiargyl at the recommended rate (480 g ha-1) was the best treatment for promoting seed yield (g plant-1), seed yield (kg ha-1) and biological yield (g plant-1) compared to the nonweeded treatment by 87.3, 85.0 and 88.2%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended oxadiargyl raised seed yield per hectare by 85.0%.
- Treatment
- oxadiargyl at the recommended rate (480 g ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- seed yield (kg ha-1)e0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Value
- 85.0e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“oxadiargyl at the recommended rate (480 g ha-1) was the best treatment for promoting seed yield (g plant-1), seed yield (kg ha-1) and biological yield (g plant-1) compared to the nonweeded treatment by 87.3, 85.0 and 88.2%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Recommended oxadiargyl raised biological yield per plant by 88.2%.
- Treatment
- oxadiargyl at the recommended rate (480 g ha-1)e0
- Outcome
- biological yield (g plant-1)e0
- Direction
- promotinge0
- Value
- 88.2%e0
- Comparator
- nonweeded treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“oxadiargyl at the recommended rate (480 g ha-1) was the best treatment for promoting seed yield (g plant-1), seed yield (kg ha-1) and biological yield (g plant-1) compared to the nonweeded treatment by 87.3, 85.0 and 88.2%, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Prometryn at 1.50 kg ha-1 produced the highest shoot protein, seed protein and seed oil percentages.
- Treatment
- Prometryn at the rate of 1.50 kg ha-1e0
- Outcome
- shoot and seed protein percentage as well as seed oil percentagee0
- Direction
- higheste0
- Comparator
- other weed control treatmentse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Prometryn at the rate of 1.50 kg ha-1, followed by two hand hoeing treatments, produced the highest shoot and seed protein percentage as well as seed oil percentage, compared to the other weed control treatments.”
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