Abstract
A three-year field experiment was carried out in Mediterranean conditions to study the effects of different irrigations and organic fertilizers on yield, quality and nitrogen utilization of eggplant crop and on soil properties. In a split-plot design, two irrigation treatments (re-establishing 100% and 50% of the calculated maximum evapotranspiration) and four fertilizer treatments (mineral fertilizer, commercial stable manure, anaerobic digestate and municipal solid waste compost) were compared. The highest water volume increased significantly the total and marketable yield, the number of marketable fruits, the dry matter of fruits and the nitrogen-use efficiency with respect to the treatment with the lowest irrigation. Nevertheless, the same treatment decreased significantly the fruit dry matter percentage and total soluble solid content. The lowest water volume led to an improvement of fruit quality. Anaerobic digestate increased significantly the total and marketable yield and dry matter compared with compost. Harvest index, nitrogen harvest index, pH, acidity and total soluble solids did not show significant differences among all fertilizer treatments. N translocation ability of plants and fruit quality were not influenced by the type of fertilizer. At the end of experiment, anaerobic digestate and compost reached the highest levels of soil total organic carbon and humic and fulvic acids content. Besides, anaerobic digestate increased the total extractable carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen content compared to all other treatments. Soil copper, nickel and lead content in all treatments enhanced compared to that at the beginning of experiment, but this accumulation did not represent a possible environmental risk. The content of heavy metals in the soil, after 3 years of application, did not exceed the limits imposed by the Italian law. This study showed that the organic wastes, after being adequately processed, could be applied successfully in agriculture especially in arid environments, characterized by quick mineralization and very low organic matter content.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation increased total and marketable eggplant yield.
- Taxon
- eggplant
Solanum melongenat0 - Treatment
- highest water volumee0
- Outcome
- total and marketable yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- treatment with the lowest irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water volume increased significantly the total and marketable yield, the number of marketable fruits, the dry matter of fruits and the nitrogen-use efficiency with respect to the treatment with the lowest irrigation.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation increased the number of marketable eggplant fruits.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- highest water volumee0
- Outcome
- number of marketable fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- treatment with the lowest irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water volume increased significantly the total and marketable yield, the number of marketable fruits, the dry matter of fruits and the nitrogen-use efficiency with respect to the treatment with the lowest irrigation.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation increased eggplant fruit dry matter.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- highest water volumee0
- Outcome
- dry matter of fruitse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- treatment with the lowest irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water volume increased significantly the total and marketable yield, the number of marketable fruits, the dry matter of fruits and the nitrogen-use efficiency with respect to the treatment with the lowest irrigation.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation increased eggplant nitrogen-use efficiency.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- highest water volumee0
- Outcome
- nitrogen-use efficiencye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- treatment with the lowest irrigatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The highest water volume increased significantly the total and marketable yield, the number of marketable fruits, the dry matter of fruits and the nitrogen-use efficiency with respect to the treatment with the lowest irrigation.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher irrigation decreased eggplant fruit dry-matter percentage and soluble solids.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- highest water volumee1
- Outcome
- fruit dry matter percentage and total soluble solid contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the same treatment decreased significantly the fruit dry matter percentage and total soluble solid content.”
e1“The highest water volume increased significantly”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower irrigation improved eggplant fruit quality.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- lowest water volumee0
- Outcome
- fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- improvemente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lowest water volume led to an improvement of fruit quality.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaerobic digestate increased eggplant total and marketable yield and dry matter relative to compost.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- Anaerobic digestatee0
- Outcome
- total and marketable yield and dry mattere0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- composte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Anaerobic digestate increased significantly the total and marketable yield and dry matter compared with compost.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Harvest index and nitrogen harvest index did not differ significantly across fertilizer treatments.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- all fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- Harvest index, nitrogen harvest indexe0
- Direction
- did not show significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index, nitrogen harvest index, pH, acidity and total soluble solids did not show significant differences among all fertilizer treatments.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Eggplant fruit pH, acidity and total soluble solids did not differ significantly across fertilizer treatments.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- all fertilizer treatmentse0
- Outcome
- pH, acidity and total soluble solidse0
- Direction
- did not show significant differencese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Harvest index, nitrogen harvest index, pH, acidity and total soluble solids did not show significant differences among all fertilizer treatments.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Fertilizer type did not influence nitrogen translocation ability or fruit quality.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- type of fertilizere0
- Outcome
- N translocation ability of plants and fruit qualitye0
- Direction
- not influencede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“N translocation ability of plants and fruit quality were not influenced by the type of fertilizer.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaerobic digestate and compost had the highest soil organic carbon and humic and fulvic acid levels.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- anaerobic digestate and composte0
- Outcome
- soil total organic carbon and humic and fulvic acids contente0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anaerobic digestate and compost reached the highest levels of soil total organic carbon and humic and fulvic acids content.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Anaerobic digestate increased soil extractable carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen relative to all other treatments.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- anaerobic digestatee0
- Outcome
- total extractable carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- all other treatmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anaerobic digestate increased the total extractable carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen content compared to all other treatments.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil copper, nickel and lead rose across treatments relative to the start of the experiment.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- Soil copper, nickel and lead contente0
- Direction
- enhancede0
- Comparator
- beginning of experimente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil copper, nickel and lead content in all treatments enhanced compared to that at the beginning of experiment”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil heavy metals remained below Italian legal limits after three years.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Outcome
- content of heavy metals in the soile0
- Direction
- did not exceede0
- Qualifier
- after 3 years of applicatione0
- Comparator
- limits imposed by the Italian lawe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The content of heavy metals in the soil, after 3 years of application, did not exceed the limits imposed by the Italian law.”
t0“eggplant”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors conclude adequately processed organic wastes could be applied successfully in arid agriculture.
- Taxon
- eggplantSolanum melongenat0
- Treatment
- organic wastese0
- Outcome
- could be applied successfully in agriculturee0
- Setting
- arid environmentse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“organic wastes, after being adequately processed, could be applied successfully in agriculture especially in arid environments”
t0“eggplant”
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