Abstract
A field experiment was conducted for 5 years (2004–2005 to 2009–2010) covering 10 crop seasons [five wet (WS; Kharif) and five dry (DS; Rabi)] at the Directorate of Rice Research farm, Hyderabad, India, to compare the influence of organic and conventional farming systems on productivity of fine grain rice varieties, cumulative partial nutrient balance, and soil health/quality in terms of nutrient availability, physical and biological properties, and sustainability index. Two main plot treatments were with and without plant protection measures, and four subplot treatments were (1) control (CON), (2) inorganic fertilizers (CF), (3) organics (OF), and (4) inorganics + organics (integrated nutrient management, INM). During wet season, grain yields with CF and INM were near stable (5.0 to 5.5 t ha−1) and superior to organics by 15–20% during the first 2 years, which improved with OF (4.8 to 5.4 t ha−1) in the later years to comparable levels with CF and INM. However, during DS, CF and INM were superior to OF for 4 consecutive years and OF recorded yields on par with CF and INM in the fifth year. The partial nutrient balance over 10 crop seasons for N and P was positive and greater with OF and INM over CF and for K it was positive with OF alone and negative with CF and INM. There were increases in SOC and available N, P, and K by 50–58%, 3–10%, 10–30%, and 8–25% respectively, with OF, over CF at the end of 5 years. The sustainability index (SI) of the soil system was maximum with organics (1.63) and CF recorded 1.33, which was just above the minimum sustainability index of 1.30 after 5 years. Thus, organic farming needs more than 2 years to stabilize rice productivity and bring about perceptible improvement in soil quality and sustainability in irrigated rice.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
In wet seasons, CF grain yield was 15–20% above organics in the first two years.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)
Oryza sativat0 - Treatment
- CFe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 15–20%e0
- Qualifier
- during the first 2 yearse0
- Comparator
- organicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“grain yields with CF and INM were near stable (5.0 to 5.5 t ha−1) and superior to organics by 15–20% during the first 2 years”
Claim · model-written summary
In wet seasons, INM grain yield was 15–20% above organics in the first two years.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- INMe0
- Outcome
- grain yieldse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Value
- 15–20%e0
- Comparator
- organicse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“grain yields with CF and INM were near stable (5.0 to 5.5 t ha−1) and superior to organics by 15–20% during the first 2 years”
Claim · model-written summary
Wet-season OF yields later improved to 4.8 to 5.4 t ha−1, comparable with CF and INM.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- yieldse1
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 4.8 to 5.4 t ha−1e0
- Comparator
- CF and INMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“improved with OF (4.8 to 5.4 t ha−1) in the later years to comparable levels with CF and INM”
e1“grain yields with CF and INM were near stable (5.0 to 5.5 t ha−1) and superior to organics by 15–20% during the first 2 years”
Claim · model-written summary
In dry seasons CF outyielded OF for four consecutive years, with parity in the fifth.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- CFe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Qualifier
- for 4 consecutive yearse0
- Comparator
- OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“during DS, CF and INM were superior to OF for 4 consecutive years and OF recorded yields on par with CF and INM in the fifth year”
Claim · model-written summary
In dry seasons INM outyielded OF for four consecutive years, with parity in the fifth.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- INMe0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- superiore0
- Comparator
- OFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“during DS, CF and INM were superior to OF for 4 consecutive years and OF recorded yields on par with CF and INM in the fifth year”
Claim · model-written summary
N and P partial nutrient balances were positive and greater with OF and INM than CF.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OF and INMe0
- Outcome
- partial nutrient balancee0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“partial nutrient balance over 10 crop seasons for N and P was positive and greater with OF and INM over CF”
Claim · model-written summary
K partial nutrient balance was positive with OF but negative with CF and INM.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- positivee0
- Comparator
- CF and INMe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“for K it was positive with OF alone and negative with CF and INM”
Claim · model-written summary
After five years OF raised soil organic carbon by 50–58% over CF.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- SOCe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 50–58%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“increases in SOC and available N, P, and K by 50–58%, 3–10%, 10–30%, and 8–25% respectively, with OF, over CF at the end of 5 years”
Claim · model-written summary
After five years OF raised available N by 3–10% over CF.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- available Ne0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 3–10%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“increases in SOC and available N, P, and K by 50–58%, 3–10%, 10–30%, and 8–25% respectively, with OF, over CF at the end of 5 years”
Claim · model-written summary
After five years OF raised available P by 10–30% over CF.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- Pe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 10–30%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“increases in SOC and available N, P, and K by 50–58%, 3–10%, 10–30%, and 8–25% respectively, with OF, over CF at the end of 5 years”
Claim · model-written summary
After five years OF raised available K by 8–25% over CF.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- OFe0
- Outcome
- Ke0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Value
- 8–25%e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“increases in SOC and available N, P, and K by 50–58%, 3–10%, 10–30%, and 8–25% respectively, with OF, over CF at the end of 5 years”
Claim · model-written summary
The soil sustainability index was maximal under organics at 1.63, versus 1.33 under CF.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Treatment
- organicse0
- Outcome
- sustainability index (SI) of the soil systeme0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.63e0
- Qualifier
- 1.33e0
- Comparator
- CFe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“sustainability index (SI) of the soil system was maximum with organics (1.63) and CF recorded 1.33”
Claim · model-written summary
Organic farming needs more than two years to stabilize rice productivity and improve soil quality and sustainability.
- Taxon
- Rice (Oryza sativaL.)Oryza sativat0
- Outcome
- organic farming needs more than 2 yearse0
- Qualifier
- irrigated ricee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Rice (Oryza sativaL.)”
e0“organic farming needs more than 2 years to stabilize rice productivity and bring about perceptible improvement in soil quality and sustainability in irrigated rice”
The same questions in other papers
fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
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