Abstract
Combination of different PGPR strains with complementary characteristics as a mixture to reduce possible instability under fluctuating environment has been considered practical. However, PGPR mixtures do not always play synergistic roles in growth promotion or biological control as reflected in our previous findings and other publications. In this work, we accidentally discovered that a mixture containing two well compatible PGPR strains, Bacillus pumilus WP8 and Erwinia persicinus RA2, did not synergize in growth promotion or biological control of tomato bacterial wilt under field conditions. Considering the importance of PGPR biofilm formation in growth promotion and biocontrol activities, we hypothesized that this phenomenon may be related to inhibition of biofilm formation. In vitro experiments showed that biofilm-formation ability of WP8 was inhibited by both RA2 cells and filtered supernatants collected from RA2 cultures at 12 h (RA2-12) rather than 48 h (RA2-48), even at high-temperatures (within 100°C). An in vivo experiment derived from crystal violet staining yielded similar results. Using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), we compared primary and secondary metabolites of RA2 (namely RA2-12 and RA2-48) and found D-glutamine, abundant in RA2-12, as the putative inhibitory factor. Trace amounts of jasmonic acid together with viscous extracellular polysaccharides in RA2-48 likely promoted the rescue of robust biofilm formation. This work suggests that inhibition of biofilm formation should be considered in PGPR mixture development.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
The WP8 and RA2 mixture did not synergize in tomato growth promotion under field conditions.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Treatment
- a mixture containing two well compatible PGPR strains, Bacillus pumilus WP8 and Erwinia persicinus RA2e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus WP8Bacillus pumiluse0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Erwinia persicinus RA2Erwinia persicinae0symbiont
- Outcome
- growth promotione0
- Direction
- did not synergizee0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a mixture containing two well compatible PGPR strains, Bacillus pumilus WP8 and Erwinia persicinus RA2, did not synergize in growth promotion or biological control of tomato bacterial wilt under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
The WP8 and RA2 mixture did not synergize in biological control of tomato bacterial wilt under field conditions.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- a mixture containing two well compatible PGPR strains, Bacillus pumilus WP8 and Erwinia persicinus RA2e0
- Interactor
- Bacillus pumilus WP8Bacillus pumiluse0symbiont
- Second interactor
- Erwinia persicinus RA2Erwinia persicinae0symbiont
- Outcome
- biological control of tomato bacterial wilte0
- Direction
- did not synergizee0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a mixture containing two well compatible PGPR strains, Bacillus pumilus WP8 and Erwinia persicinus RA2, did not synergize in growth promotion or biological control of tomato bacterial wilt under field conditions”
Claim · model-written summary
RA2 cells and 12-hour culture supernatant inhibited WP8 biofilm formation, including at high temperatures, whereas 48-hour supernatant did not.
Verbatim
e0“biofilm-formation ability of WP8 was inhibited by both RA2 cells and filtered supernatants collected from RA2 cultures at 12 h (RA2-12) rather than 48 h (RA2-48), even at high-temperatures (within 100°C)”
Claim · model-written summary
In vivo crystal violet staining yielded similar WP8 biofilm inhibition results.
Verbatim
e0“An in vivo experiment derived from crystal violet staining yielded similar results”
e1“biofilm-formation ability of WP8 was inhibited”
Claim · model-written summary
D-glutamine abundant in RA2-12 was identified as a putative inhibitory factor.
Verbatim
e0“found D-glutamine, abundant in RA2-12, as the putative inhibitory factor”
Claim · model-written summary
Trace jasmonic acid and extracellular polysaccharides in RA2-48 likely rescued robust biofilm formation.
Verbatim
e0“Trace amounts of jasmonic acid together with viscous extracellular polysaccharides in RA2-48 likely promoted the rescue of robust biofilm formation”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest considering biofilm inhibition when developing PGPR mixtures.
Verbatim
e0“inhibition of biofilm formation should be considered in PGPR mixture development”
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