Abstract
Abstract The efficacies of nine structural analogues of the herbicide antidote naphthalene‐1,8‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride (naphthalic anhydride, NA) for the protection of maize ( Zea mays L. cv. DeKalb XL72AA and DeKalb XL67) against injury by the herbicide S ‐ethyl dipropyl(thiocarbamate) (EPTC) were elevated under greenhouse conditions. The chemical analogues of NA tested were: acenaphthenequinone (ACQ); 4‐aminonaphthalene‐1,8‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride (NH 2 NA); 1,8:4,5‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (NDiA); naphthalene‐ 1,8‐carboximide (NHNA); 4‐chloronaphthalene‐1,8‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride (C1NA); biphenyl‐2,2′‐dicarboxylic acid anhydride (diphenic anhydride; DA); 2‐phenylglutaric anhydride (PGA); phthalic anhydride (PHA); phenalen‐1‐one (PA). Pre‐plant incorporated applications of EPTC at 2.2, 4.5, 6.7, and 9.0 kg ha −1 were highly toxic to XL67 maize. Appreciable injury to XL72AA maize by EPTC was observed only with the high rates of EPTC (6.7 and 9.0 kg ha −1 ). Of the analogues tested PGA and PA were very toxic and inhibited germination of both maize hybrids. NA, ACQ, NH 2 NA, NDiA, NHNA, C1NA, DA, and PHA applied as seed dressings at 5.0 and 10 g per kg of seed offered satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTC rates higher than 6.7 kg ha −1 . The same antidotes significantly antagonised the EPTC activity against XL67 maize but the overall protection obtained was partial and not agronomically important. The presence of the dicarboxylic anhydride group and of at least one aromatic ring attached directly to the anhydride appeared to be essential for the exhibition of protective activity by the structural analogues of NA. NA was slightly toxic to both hybrids of maize and chlorination of NA increased the phytotoxicity of this molecule. A genetic component that is present in the thiocarbamate‐tolerant XL72AA hybrid but absent from the thiocarbamate‐susceptible XL67 hybrid of maize appeared to be important for the phytotoxic activity of EPTC and may be involved in the protective activity of NA and its structural analogues.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
EPTC applied at 2.2 to 9.0 kg ha −1 was highly toxic to XL67 maize.
- Material
- XL67e1
- Treatment
- applications of EPTC at 2.2, 4.5, 6.7, and 9.0 kg ha −1e1
- Outcome
- toxic to XL67 maizee1
Zea maysNot reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e1“applications of EPTC at 2.2, 4.5, 6.7, and 9.0 kg ha −1 were highly toxic to XL67 maize”
Claim · model-written summary
High rates of EPTC (6.7 and 9.0 kg ha −1) caused appreciable injury to XL72AA maize.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e2“Appreciable injury to XL72AA maize by EPTC was observed only with the high rates of EPTC (6.7 and 9.0 kg ha −1 )”
Claim · model-written summary
PGA and PA were very toxic and inhibited germination of both maize hybrids.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e3“Of the analogues tested PGA and PA were very toxic and inhibited germination of both maize hybrids”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed dressings of NA, ACQ and NH2NA gave satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTC.
- Material
- XL72AAe4
- Treatment
- NA, ACQ, NH 2 NAe4
- Outcome
- satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTCe4
- Qualifier
- seed dressings at 5.0 and 10 g per kg of seede4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e4“NA, ACQ, NH 2 NA, NDiA, NHNA, C1NA, DA, and PHA applied as seed dressings at 5.0 and 10 g per kg of seed offered satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTC rates higher than 6.7 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed dressings of NDiA, NHNA and C1NA gave satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTC.
- Material
- XL72AAe4
- Treatment
- NDiA, NHNA, C1NAe4
- Outcome
- satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTCe4
- Qualifier
- seed dressings at 5.0 and 10 g per kg of seede4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e4“NA, ACQ, NH 2 NA, NDiA, NHNA, C1NA, DA, and PHA applied as seed dressings at 5.0 and 10 g per kg of seed offered satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTC rates higher than 6.7 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed dressings of DA and PHA gave satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTC.
- Material
- XL72AAe4
- Treatment
- DA, and PHAe4
- Outcome
- satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTCe4
- Qualifier
- seed dressings at 5.0 and 10 g per kg of seede4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e4“NA, ACQ, NH 2 NA, NDiA, NHNA, C1NA, DA, and PHA applied as seed dressings at 5.0 and 10 g per kg of seed offered satisfactory protection to XL72AA maize against EPTC rates higher than 6.7 kg ha −1”
Claim · model-written summary
The same antidotes significantly antagonised EPTC activity against XL67 maize, but the overall protection was partial and not agronomically important.
- Material
- XL67e5
- Treatment
- The same antidotese5
- Outcome
- EPTC activitye5
- Direction
- antagonisede5
- Qualifier
- overall protection obtained was partial and not agronomically importante5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e5“The same antidotes significantly antagonised the EPTC activity against XL67 maize but the overall protection obtained was partial and not agronomically important”
Claim · model-written summary
A dicarboxylic anhydride group and at least one aromatic ring attached to the anhydride appear essential for the protective activity of NA analogues in maize.
- Treatment
- The presence of the dicarboxylic anhydride group and of at least one aromatic ring attached directly to the anhydridee6
- Outcome
- protective activitye6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e6“The presence of the dicarboxylic anhydride group and of at least one aromatic ring attached directly to the anhydride appeared to be essential for the exhibition of protective activity by the structural analogues of NA”
Claim · model-written summary
NA was slightly toxic to both maize hybrids.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“NA was slightly toxic to both hybrids of maize and chlorination of NA increased the phytotoxicity of this molecule”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorination of NA increased phytotoxicity in maize compared with NA.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e7“NA was slightly toxic to both hybrids of maize and chlorination of NA increased the phytotoxicity of this molecule”
Claim · model-written summary
A genetic component present in the XL72AA maize hybrid but absent from XL67 may be involved in EPTC phytotoxicity and the protective activity of NA analogues.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“two hybrids of maize”
e1“A genetic component that is present in the thiocarbamate‐tolerant XL72AA hybrid but absent from the thiocarbamate‐susceptible XL67 hybrid of maize appeared to be important for the phytotoxic activity of EPTC and may be involved in the protective activity of NA and its structural analogues”
The same questions in other papers
EPTC · organism · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
EPTC · crop injury · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.