Abstract
Heat stress is a major factor limiting crop yield in many agricultural regions. During the early stage of kernel development, heat stress is particularly detrimental to subsequent dry matter accumulation since it causes disruption of cell division, sugar metabolism, and starch biosynthesis in the endosperm. The effects of heat stress on protein accumulation, however, is less well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which heat stress decreases protein accumulation and alters composition of developing maize ( Zea mays L.) kernels. In this study, maize ears were heat stressed for 2 and 4 d at continuous 35°C starting at 5 d after pollination (DAP). Endosperms were analyzed for the relative proportion of each Osborne protein solubility class fraction and for individual zein proteins. The 2‐ and 4‐d heat stress (DHS) treatment caused a 20 and 48% reduction in kernel final dry weight, respectively, and protein content was similarly reduced. Specifically, zein content was reduced by an average of 53%, but zein composition was only mildly affected. The concentrations of glutelin and albumin plus globulin tended to increase throughout most of 4‐DHS kernel development. L‐[ 35 S]‐methionine incorporation in the zein fraction was delayed by the 4 DHS when compared to control and 2‐DHS treated kernels. Therefore, we concluded that heat stress during early stages of endosperm development repressed zein accumulation at the synthesis level. In contrast, later in development, zein accumulation appeared to be repressed mainly by protein degradation, which appears to be a part of the natural progression of kernel development since there was no apparent significant effect of heat stress treatments on this process.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Two days of heat stress reduced final kernel dry weight by 20%.
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2‐ and 4‐d heat stress (DHS) treatment caused a 20 and 48% reduction in kernel final dry weight, respectively, and protein content was similarly reduced.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Four days of heat stress reduced final kernel dry weight by 48%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2‐ and 4‐d heat stress (DHS) treatment caused a 20 and 48% reduction in kernel final dry weight, respectively, and protein content was similarly reduced.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Two days of heat stress similarly reduced kernel protein content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2‐ and 4‐d heat stress (DHS) treatment caused a 20 and 48% reduction in kernel final dry weight, respectively, and protein content was similarly reduced.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Four days of heat stress similarly reduced kernel protein content.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The 2‐ and 4‐d heat stress (DHS) treatment caused a 20 and 48% reduction in kernel final dry weight, respectively, and protein content was similarly reduced.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress reduced zein content by an average of 53%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, zein content was reduced by an average of 53%, but zein composition was only mildly affected.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress only mildly affected zein composition.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Specifically, zein content was reduced by an average of 53%, but zein composition was only mildly affected.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Glutelin concentration tended to increase during most of four-day heat-stressed kernel development.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of glutelin and albumin plus globulin tended to increase throughout most of 4‐DHS kernel development.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Albumin plus globulin concentration tended to increase during most of four-day heat-stressed kernel development.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of glutelin and albumin plus globulin tended to increase throughout most of 4‐DHS kernel development.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Four days of heat stress delayed methionine incorporation into the zein fraction relative to control and two-day stress.
- Treatment
- 4 DHSe0
- Outcome
- methionine incorporation in the zein fractione0
- Direction
- delayede0
- Comparator
- control and 2‐DHS treated kernelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“L‐[ 35 S]‐methionine incorporation in the zein fraction was delayed by the 4 DHS when compared to control and 2‐DHS treated kernels.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors concluded that early heat stress repressed zein accumulation at the synthesis level.
- Treatment
- heat stresse0
- Outcome
- zein accumulatione0
- Direction
- repressede0
- Qualifier
- at the synthesis levele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“heat stress during early stages of endosperm development repressed zein accumulation at the synthesis level.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Later zein accumulation appeared chiefly repressed by protein degradation as part of normal kernel development.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“later in development, zein accumulation appeared to be repressed mainly by protein degradation, which appears to be a part of the natural progression of kernel development since there was no apparent significant effect of heat stress treatments on this process.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat stress had no apparent significant effect on the later protein degradation process.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no apparent significant effect of heat stress treatments on this process.”
t0“Maize”
t1“Heat Stress”
The same questions in other papers
heat · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
49 papers in the same direction as this paper · 11 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
- negative
57 papers more in this group
See all 61 papers →heat · quality: protein · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →heat · molecular: metabolites · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
18 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- positive
25 papers more in this group
See all 29 papers →heat · quality: general · Zea mays (maize)Results agree
5 papers in the same direction as this paper
- negative
- negative
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.