Abstract
ABSTRACT Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic-requiring physical proximity of two individuals of different mating type (A1 and A2) for oosporogenesis. Recent reports of limited selfing in young cultures of this oomycete stimulated us to investigate factors contributing to the phenomenon. The ability to produce oospores rapidly (within 2 weeks) in pure, single individual cultures (self-fertility) was tested in 116 individual isolates. The 116 isolates were from geographically diverse locations (16 countries) and were genetically diverse. Mating type and growth medium were the most prominent factors in determining if an isolate would be self-fertile. The majority of A2 isolates (45 of 47 tested) produced oospores when grown on a 50:50 mixture of V8 and rye B medium. In contrast, the majority of A1 isolates (65 of 69 tested) did not produce oospores on this medium. None of the 116 isolates produced oospores when grown on rye B medium (with no V8 juice). Further tests on representative A1 and A2 isolates revealed that oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar, and V8-juice agar all induced the A2 mating type isolate to produce oospores but did not induce the A1 mating type isolate to produce oospores. Calcium carbonate and pH did not alter the self-fertile oospore production in either A1 or A2 mating type isolates. For in vivo tests, the application of fungicide to potato or tomato leaf tissue either before or after inoculation did not stimulate any individual isolate (one A2 and one A1 isolate) to produce oospores in infected tissue. However, in all of the controls for all experiments (in vivo and in vitro), many oospores were produced rapidly if both strains grew in physical proximity.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Mating type and growth medium were the most prominent factors determining self-fertility of Phytophthora infestans isolates.
- Taxon
- potato or tomato
Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum tuberosume1 - Material
- mating typee2
- Treatment
- growth mediume2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestanse0pathogen - Outcome
- self-fertilee2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“Mating type and growth medium were the most prominent factors in determining if an isolate would be self-fertile”
Claim · model-written summary
Most A2 isolates (45 of 47 tested) produced oospores on a 50:50 mixture of V8 and rye B medium.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Material
- A2 isolatese2
- Treatment
- 50:50 mixture of V8 and rye B mediume2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- produced oosporese2
- Value
- 45 of 47e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“The majority of A2 isolates (45 of 47 tested) produced oospores when grown on a 50:50 mixture of V8 and rye B medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Most A1 isolates (65 of 69 tested) did not produce oospores on that medium.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Material
- A1 isolatese2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- produce oosporese2
- Value
- 65 of 69e2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“In contrast, the majority of A1 isolates (65 of 69 tested) did not produce oospores on this medium”
Claim · model-written summary
None of the 116 isolates produced oospores on rye B medium without V8 juice.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Material
- 116 isolatese2
- Treatment
- rye B medium (with no V8 juice)e2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- produced oosporese2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“None of the 116 isolates produced oospores when grown on rye B medium (with no V8 juice)”
Claim · model-written summary
Oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar and V8-juice agar induced A2 isolates to produce oospores.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Material
- A2 mating type isolatee2
- Treatment
- oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar, and V8-juice agare2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- produce oosporese2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar, and V8-juice agar all induced the A2 mating type isolate to produce oospores”
Claim · model-written summary
Oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar and V8-juice agar did not induce A1 isolates to produce oospores.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Material
- A1 mating type isolatee2
- Treatment
- oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar, and V8-juice agare3
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- produce oosporese2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“did not induce the A1 mating type isolate to produce oospores”
e3“oatmeal agar, tomato juice agar, and V8-juice agar”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium carbonate did not alter self-fertile oospore production in A1 or A2 isolates.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Material
- A1 or A2 mating type isolatese2
- Treatment
- Calcium carbonatee2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- self-fertile oospore productione2
- Direction
- did not altere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“Calcium carbonate and pH did not alter the self-fertile oospore production in either A1 or A2 mating type isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
pH did not alter self-fertile oospore production in A1 or A2 isolates.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Material
- A1 or A2 mating type isolatese2
- Treatment
- pHe2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- self-fertile oospore productione2
- Direction
- did not altere2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“Calcium carbonate and pH did not alter the self-fertile oospore production in either A1 or A2 mating type isolates”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide applied to potato or tomato leaf tissue before or after inoculation did not stimulate any single isolate to produce oospores in infected tissue.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Material
- one A2 and one A1 isolatee2
- Organ / stage
- leaf tissuee2
- Treatment
- application of fungicidee2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- produce oosporese2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“the application of fungicide to potato or tomato leaf tissue either before or after inoculation did not stimulate any individual isolate (one A2 and one A1 isolate) to produce oospores in infected tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
In the controls, many oospores were produced rapidly when both strains grew in physical proximity.
- Taxon
- potato or tomatoSolanum lycopersicumSolanum tuberosume1
- Treatment
- both strains grew in physical proximitye2
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse0pathogen
- Outcome
- oospores were produced rapidlye2
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Phytophthora infestans is generally regarded as heterothallic”
e1“potato or tomato leaf tissue”
e2“in all of the controls for all experiments (in vivo and in vitro), many oospores were produced rapidly if both strains grew in physical proximity”
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