Abstract
Lipids which are active oleanimins, i.e., those which stimulate respiration and auxin-induced cell elongation of pea stem sections, also initiate a period of ethylene formation in them after a lag period of at least 1 hour. Production of ethylene requires auxin, is inhibited by cycloheximide and dinitrophenol applied during or before the lag period, and is greatly stimulated by lipids longer than 20 Angstroms in length such as heptadecyl-benzene, chloro- or iodohexadecane, triolein, and vitamins E and K(1), but not by the shorter chloro- and iododecane. beta-Stigmasterol at 10 to 40 mum concentrations depresses both oleanimin-induced growth and ethylene formation.The effect of oleanimins on the growth rate steadily declines and disappears after 6 hours, whereas oleanimin induction of ethylene stays at a high level until it rapidly disappears after 6 hours. Nongrowing second internode sections also produce ethylene on oleanimin treatment, so ethylene formation is not dependent on cell elongation even though it requires auxin. Preincubation with heptadecylbenzene or auxin does not change the delay of an hour or more before ethylene is produced, whereas increases in growth are noted at the earliest measurements. Oleanimins stimulate growth at less than optimal auxin concentration, even as low as 20 nm, where a proportional ethylene formation is not noted. It is concluded that ethylene formation is not causally related to growth in these tissues.The decline in oleanimin-induced ethylene formation is not changed by renewal of the incubation medium, and sucrose which is required to maintain growth for 20 hours does not influence growth or ethylene formation up to 6 hours. l-Methionine increases ethylene formed after heptadecylbenzene treatment, but unexpectedly, malonate is much more effective.Auxin concentrations supraoptimal for growth cause no growth rate reductions for the first 10 hours, but they greatly enhance oleanimin-induced ethylene formation even when heptadecylbenzene is added after 6 hours. Applied ethylene even at concentrations much above those produced by the tissue itself fails to stimulate or inhibit short term pea stem section growth. It is concluded that the effect of oleanmins on growth is not mediated by ethylene. The similarities in concentration and molecular dimensions of these structurally diverse lipids which simultaneously stimulate respiration, growth, and ethylene formation, suggest a single site of action located in a regulatory membrane.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Active oleanimins stimulate respiration and auxin-induced elongation of pea stem sections.
- Taxon
- pea
Lathyrus oleraceuse0 - Organ / stage
- stem sectionse0
- Treatment
- active oleaniminse0
- Outcome
- respiration and auxin-induced cell elongatione0
- Direction
- stimulatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Lipids which are active oleanimins, i.e., those which stimulate respiration and auxin-induced cell elongation of pea stem sections”
Claim · model-written summary
Active oleanimins initiate ethylene formation after at least a one-hour lag.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- oleaniminse1
- Outcome
- ethylene formatione0
- Value
- at least 1 houre0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“also initiate a period of ethylene formation in them after a lag period of at least 1 hour”
e1“Lipids which are active oleanimins”
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin is required for ethylene production.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Compound
- auxine0
- Outcome
- Production of ethylenee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“Production of ethylene requires auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloheximide and dinitrophenol inhibit ethylene production when applied before or during the lag.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- cycloheximide and dinitrophenole0
- Outcome
- Production of ethylenee1
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Qualifier
- during or before the lag periode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“is inhibited by cycloheximide and dinitrophenol applied during or before the lag period”
e1“Production of ethylene requires auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Lipids longer than 20 Angstroms greatly stimulated ethylene production.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- lipids longer than 20 Angstroms in lengthe0
- Outcome
- Production of ethylenee1
- Direction
- stimulatede0
- Value
- 20 Angstromse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“is greatly stimulated by lipids longer than 20 Angstroms in length such as heptadecyl-benzene, chloro- or iodohexadecane, triolein, and vitamins E and K(1)”
e1“Production of ethylene requires auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Shorter chloro- and iododecane did not stimulate ethylene production.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- shorter chloro- and iododecanee0
- Outcome
- Production of ethylenee1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“but not by the shorter chloro- and iododecane”
e1“Production of ethylene requires auxin”
Claim · model-written summary
Beta-stigmasterol depressed oleanimin-induced growth and ethylene formation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- beta-Stigmasterol at 10 to 40 mum concentrationse0
- Outcome
- oleanimin-induced growth and ethylene formatione0
- Direction
- depressese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“beta-Stigmasterol at 10 to 40 mum concentrations depresses both oleanimin-induced growth and ethylene formation”
Claim · model-written summary
The growth response to oleanimins declined steadily and disappeared after six hours.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- oleaniminse0
- Outcome
- growth ratee0
- Direction
- declinese0
- Value
- 6 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“The effect of oleanimins on the growth rate steadily declines and disappears after 6 hours”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleanimin-induced ethylene stayed high then rapidly disappeared after six hours.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- oleanimine0
- Outcome
- ethylenee0
- Direction
- disappearse0
- Value
- 6 hourse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“oleanimin induction of ethylene stays at a high level until it rapidly disappears after 6 hours”
Claim · model-written summary
Nongrowing second internode sections produced ethylene with oleanimin treatment.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Organ / stage
- second internode sectionse0
- Treatment
- oleanimin treatmente0
- Outcome
- produce ethylenee0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“Nongrowing second internode sections also produce ethylene on oleanimin treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Preincubation with heptadecylbenzene or auxin did not change the ethylene delay.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Preincubation with heptadecylbenzene or auxine0
- Outcome
- delay of an hour or more before ethylene is producede0
- Direction
- does not changee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“Preincubation with heptadecylbenzene or auxin does not change the delay of an hour or more before ethylene is produced”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth increased at the earliest measurements.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- earliest measurementse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“increases in growth are noted at the earliest measurements”
Claim · model-written summary
Oleanimins stimulated growth even at low auxin concentration without proportional ethylene formation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Oleaniminse0
- Outcome
- growthe0
- Direction
- stimulatee0
- Value
- 20 nme0
- Qualifier
- less than optimal auxin concentratione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“Oleanimins stimulate growth at less than optimal auxin concentration, even as low as 20 nm, where a proportional ethylene formation is not noted”
Claim · model-written summary
Renewing incubation medium did not change decline in oleanimin-induced ethylene formation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- renewal of the incubation mediume0
- Outcome
- decline in oleanimin-induced ethylene formatione0
- Direction
- not changede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“The decline in oleanimin-induced ethylene formation is not changed by renewal of the incubation medium”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose did not influence growth or ethylene formation up to six hours.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- sucrosee0
- Outcome
- growth or ethylene formatione0
- Direction
- does not influencee0
- Qualifier
- up to 6 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“sucrose which is required to maintain growth for 20 hours does not influence growth or ethylene formation up to 6 hours”
Claim · model-written summary
Methionine increased ethylene after heptadecylbenzene treatment.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- l-Methioninee0
- Outcome
- ethylene formede0
- Direction
- increasese0
- Qualifier
- after heptadecylbenzene treatmente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“l-Methionine increases ethylene formed after heptadecylbenzene treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Malonate was more effective than methionine at increasing ethylene.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- malonatee0
- Outcome
- more effectivee0
- Direction
- more effectivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“malonate is much more effective”
Claim · model-written summary
Supraoptimal auxin did not reduce growth rate in the first ten hours.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Auxin concentrations supraoptimal for growthe0
- Outcome
- growth rate reductionse0
- Direction
- noe0
- Value
- 10 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“Auxin concentrations supraoptimal for growth cause no growth rate reductions for the first 10 hours”
Claim · model-written summary
Supraoptimal auxin enhanced oleanimin-induced ethylene formation.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceust0
- Treatment
- Auxin concentrations supraoptimal for growthe1
- Outcome
- oleanimin-induced ethylene formatione0
- Direction
- enhancee0
- Qualifier
- even when heptadecylbenzene is added after 6 hourse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“pea stem sections”
e0“they greatly enhance oleanimin-induced ethylene formation even when heptadecylbenzene is added after 6 hours”
e1“Auxin concentrations supraoptimal for growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Applied ethylene failed to stimulate or inhibit short-term pea stem growth.
- Taxon
- peaLathyrus oleraceuse0
- Treatment
- Applied ethylenee0
- Outcome
- pea stem section growthe0
- Direction
- fails to stimulate or inhibite0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Applied ethylene even at concentrations much above those produced by the tissue itself fails to stimulate or inhibit short term pea stem section growth”
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Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.