Abstract
1. The seeds of Rumex crispus, Datura Stramonium, and Phoradendron flavescens were found to be light sensitive. The germination of seeds of Rumex crispus and Phoradendron flavescens was promoted by light; the germination of seeds of Datura Stramonium was hindered by light. 2. Abrasion and removal of coats (ovary walls) of Rumex crispus seeds promoted their germination in darkness. 3. Treatment of seeds of Rumex crispus and Oenothera biennis with concentrated sulphuric acid caused an increase in the percentage of germination in darkness. 4. No reciprocal relation between the effects of light and temperature was found. 5. Light was not necessary for the absorption of sufficient water for germination. 6. Injection of water did not yield increased germination in darkness. 7. Almost all kinds of single electrolytes, regardless of the nature of the ions, seemed to promote germination of seeds of Oenothera biennis, Nicotiana Tabacum, and Verbascum Thapsus in darkness. 8. Embryos of seeds incubated in light became more acid than those incubated in darkness. 9. Light seemed to activate lipolytic enzymes which hydrolyzed fats to fatty acids. 10. The germination of seeds of Rumex crispus in darkness was promoted (increased) by hot water treatment, abrasion, treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, increased oxygen pressure, fluctuating temperatures, and soaking in solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium sulphocyanate, and hydrogen peroxide. 11. The germination of seeds of Nicotiana Tabacum in darkness was promoted by soaking in solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium sulphocyanate, and hydrogen peroxide, as well as by the use of many single electrolytes as substrata. 12. The germination of seeds of Verbascum Thapsus in darkness was promoted by the action of light, fluctuation of temperature during incubation, alternating high and low temperatures, soil, and many single electrolytes as substrata. 13. The germination of seeds of Oenothera biennis in darkness was promoted during certain seasons by hot water treatment, sulphuric acid, preliminary incubation at low temperature, incubation in alternating high and low temperatures, and single electrolytes as substrata. 14. The germination of seeds of Daucus Carota in darkness was promoted by increased oxygen pressure and preliminary incubation at low temperature, while it was hindered by soaking in hydrochloric acid and by the use of single electrolytes as substrata.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Light promoted germination of Rumex crispus seeds.
- Taxon
- Rumex crispus
_'Rumex_crispus'_-_infrutescence_mature.jpg?width=60)
Rumex crispuse0 - Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- germination of seedse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_'Rumex_crispus'_-_infrutescence_mature.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“The germination of seeds of Rumex crispus and Phoradendron flavescens was promoted by light”
Claim · model-written summary
Light promoted germination of Phoradendron flavescens seeds.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“The germination of seeds of Rumex crispus and Phoradendron flavescens was promoted by light”
Claim · model-written summary
Light hindered germination of Datura Stramonium seeds.
- Taxon
- Datura Stramonium
.jpg?width=60)
Datura stramoniume0 - Treatment
- lighte0
- Outcome
- germination of seedse0
- Direction
- hinderede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“the germination of seeds of Datura Stramonium was hindered by light”
Claim · model-written summary
Abrasion and coat removal promoted Rumex crispus germination in darkness.
- Taxon
- Rumex crispusRumex crispuse0
- Treatment
- Abrasion and removal of coats (ovary walls)e0
- Outcome
- germination in darknesse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Abrasion and removal of coats (ovary walls) of Rumex crispus seeds promoted their germination in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrated sulphuric acid increased dark germination of Rumex crispus.
- Taxon
- Rumex crispusRumex crispuse0
- Treatment
- concentrated sulphuric acide0
- Outcome
- percentage of germination in darknesse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of seeds of Rumex crispus and Oenothera biennis with concentrated sulphuric acid caused an increase in the percentage of germination in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Concentrated sulphuric acid increased dark germination of Oenothera biennis.
- Taxon
- Oenothera biennis
_-_flowers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5527360.jpg?width=60)
Oenothera biennise0 - Treatment
- concentrated sulphuric acide0
- Outcome
- percentage of germination in darknesse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_flowers_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5527360.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Treatment of seeds of Rumex crispus and Oenothera biennis with concentrated sulphuric acid caused an increase in the percentage of germination in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
No reciprocal relation between light and temperature effects was found.
Not reportedTaxonDirection
Verbatim
e0“No reciprocal relation between the effects of light and temperature was found.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light was unnecessary for enough water absorption for germination.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Light was not necessary for the absorption of sufficient water for germination.”
Claim · model-written summary
Water injection did not increase germination in darkness.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Injection of water did not yield increased germination in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Single electrolytes appeared to promote dark germination of Oenothera biennis.
- Taxon
- Oenothera biennisOenothera biennise0
- Treatment
- single electrolytese0
- Outcome
- germination of seedse0
- Direction
- promotee0
- Qualifier
- seemede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Almost all kinds of single electrolytes, regardless of the nature of the ions, seemed to promote germination of seeds of Oenothera biennis, Nicotiana Tabacum, and Verbascum Thapsus in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Single electrolytes appeared to promote dark germination of Nicotiana Tabacum.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana Tabacum
Nicotiana tabacume0 - Treatment
- single electrolytese0
- Outcome
- germination of seedse0
- Direction
- promotee0
- Qualifier
- seemede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Almost all kinds of single electrolytes, regardless of the nature of the ions, seemed to promote germination of seeds of Oenothera biennis, Nicotiana Tabacum, and Verbascum Thapsus in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Single electrolytes appeared to promote dark germination of Verbascum Thapsus.
- Taxon
- Verbascum Thapsus
.jpg?width=60)
Verbascum thapsuse0 - Treatment
- single electrolytese0
- Outcome
- germination of seedse0
- Direction
- promotee0
- Qualifier
- seemede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Almost all kinds of single electrolytes, regardless of the nature of the ions, seemed to promote germination of seeds of Oenothera biennis, Nicotiana Tabacum, and Verbascum Thapsus in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light-incubated seed embryos became more acidic than dark-incubated embryos.
- Organ / stage
- Embryose0
- Treatment
- incubated in lighte0
- Outcome
- acide0
- Direction
- moree0
- Comparator
- incubated in darknesse0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Embryos of seeds incubated in light became more acid than those incubated in darkness.”
Claim · model-written summary
Light appeared to activate fat-hydrolyzing lipolytic enzymes.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Light seemed to activate lipolytic enzymes which hydrolyzed fats to fatty acids.”
Claim · model-written summary
Rumex crispus dark germination was promoted by the listed treatments.
- Taxon
- Rumex crispusRumex crispuse0
- Treatment
- hot water treatment, abrasion, treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, increased oxygen pressure, fluctuating temperatures, and soaking in solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium sulphocyanate, and hydrogen peroxidee0
- Outcome
- germination of seeds of Rumex crispus in darknesse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of seeds of Rumex crispus in darkness was promoted (increased) by hot water treatment, abrasion, treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid, increased oxygen pressure, fluctuating temperatures, and soaking in solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium sulphocyanate, and hydrogen peroxide.”
Claim · model-written summary
Nicotiana Tabacum dark germination was promoted by the listed treatments.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana TabacumNicotiana tabacume0
- Treatment
- soaking in solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium sulphocyanate, and hydrogen peroxide, as well as by the use of many single electrolytes as substratae0
- Outcome
- germination of seeds of Nicotiana Tabacum in darknesse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of seeds of Nicotiana Tabacum in darkness was promoted by soaking in solutions of hydrochloric acid, sodium sulphocyanate, and hydrogen peroxide, as well as by the use of many single electrolytes as substrata.”
Claim · model-written summary
Verbascum Thapsus dark germination was promoted by the listed treatments.
- Taxon
- Verbascum ThapsusVerbascum thapsuse0
- Treatment
- the action of light, fluctuation of temperature during incubation, alternating high and low temperatures, soil, and many single electrolytes as substratae0
- Outcome
- germination of seeds of Verbascum Thapsus in darknesse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of seeds of Verbascum Thapsus in darkness was promoted by the action of light, fluctuation of temperature during incubation, alternating high and low temperatures, soil, and many single electrolytes as substrata.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oenothera biennis dark germination was promoted by the listed treatments.
- Taxon
- Oenothera biennisOenothera biennise0
- Treatment
- hot water treatment, sulphuric acid, preliminary incubation at low temperature, incubation in alternating high and low temperatures, and single electrolytes as substratae0
- Outcome
- germination of seeds of Oenothera biennis in darknesse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of seeds of Oenothera biennis in darkness was promoted during certain seasons by hot water treatment, sulphuric acid, preliminary incubation at low temperature, incubation in alternating high and low temperatures, and single electrolytes as substrata.”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher oxygen pressure and low-temperature preincubation promoted Daucus Carota dark germination.
- Taxon
- Daucus Carota
Daucus carotae0 - Treatment
- increased oxygen pressure and preliminary incubation at low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- germination of seeds of Daucus Carota in darknesse0
- Direction
- promotede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of seeds of Daucus Carota in darkness was promoted by increased oxygen pressure and preliminary incubation at low temperature, while it was hindered by soaking in hydrochloric acid and by the use of single electrolytes as substrata.”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrochloric acid soaking and single electrolytes hindered Daucus Carota dark germination.
- Taxon
- Daucus CarotaDaucus carotae0
- Treatment
- soaking in hydrochloric acid and by the use of single electrolytes as substratae0
- Outcome
- germination of seeds of Daucus Carota in darknesse0
- Direction
- hinderede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The germination of seeds of Daucus Carota in darkness was promoted by increased oxygen pressure and preliminary incubation at low temperature, while it was hindered by soaking in hydrochloric acid and by the use of single electrolytes as substrata.”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen chloride · growth · Daucus carota (carrot)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
hydrogen peroxide · growth · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
sodium atom · growth · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
heat · growth · Rumex crispusPositive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
light · growth · Verbascum thapsus (common mullein)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
cold · growth · Daucus carota (carrot)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
- negative
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →application · growth · Daucus carota (carrot)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 16 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
16 papers more in this group
See all 20 papers →application · growth · Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco)Positive and negative results
38 papers in the same direction as this paper · 9 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
44 papers more in this group
See all 48 papers →8 of 9 groups shown: named compounds and organisms first, then groups whose results differ (checked claim by claim), then those with positive and negative results, then the smaller groups.
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.