Abstract
In 2007, a new bacterial disease was observed in greenhouse-cultivated cherry tomatoes in Cheorwon and Iksan provinces, Korea. The disease caused severe wilt of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Koko). Infected young petioles were curled downward. Margins of the leaves rolled upward and whole leaves were distorted. Stem cankers had reddish or dark brown cavities. Vascular tissues in stems cut longitudinally were brown to deep brown, but no bird's eye lesions were observed. Eight bacterial strains recovered from the stems of wilted tomatoes produced yellow colonies on nutrient broth-yeast extract agar and pink colonies on triphenyl tetrazolium chloride. Pathogenicity of the strains (three plants per strain) on 18-day-old tomatoes (cv. Koko) was confirmed by clip inoculation of petioles of second leaves and spray inoculation with bacterial suspensions (1 × 10 8 CFU/ml) in sterile distilled water. Wilt and canker symptoms were observed 2 weeks after inoculation. Symptoms produced by both inoculation methods were systemic and localized. Clip inoculation of tomatoes resulted in wilt, defoliation, and open stem cankers, whereas small, white spots (2 to 3 mm in diameter) and sometimes water-soaked, dark brown-to-black lesions on the leaf margins were observed with spray inoculation. Bacteria were reisolated from stems and leaves of the inoculated plants and their identities confirmed by direct PCR using specific primer set CMM5/CMM6 (1). No symptoms were observed on negative control plants inoculated with sterile water. All strains were gram-positive aerobic rods with no polar flagella. Strains were positive for esculin hydrolysis, gelatin liquefaction, H 2 S production from peptone, utilization of citrate and succinate, and acid from d(+)mannose and negative for starch hydrolysis, casein hydrolysis, methyl red reaction, acid from inulin, mannitol, d(+)-melezitose and d(–)sobitol, and utilization of acetate, formate, lactate, propionate, and ribose. Identification as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis was confirmed using 16S rDNA universal primers fD1 and rP2 (4) and internal primers (3). The 1,439-bp PCR fragment of strain BC2643 was sequenced (GenBank Accession No. EU685335) and compared with reference C. michiganensis subspecies strains in GenBank: AM410696 (C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis), AM410693 (C. michiganensis subsp. tessellarius), AM410697 (C. michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis), AM410694 (C. michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus), and AM410695 (C. michiganensis subsp. insidiosus). The sequence had a similarity index of 0.999 calculated by Juke-Cantor model (2) with the 16S rRNA sequence of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (AM410696). The fragment size of eight strains amplified by PCR using CMM5/CMM6 (1) was identical to that of the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis reference strain KACC20122. On the basis of the physiological, genetic, and pathological characteristics, all strains were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesis causing bacterial canker on tomato in Korea. References: (1) J. A. Dreier et al. Phytopathology 85:464, 1995. (2) S. Kumar et al. Brief. Bioinform. 5:50, 2004. (3) S. W. Kwon et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 47:1061, 1997. (4) W. G. Weinsburg et al. J. Bacteriol. 173, 697, 1991.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
A new bacterial disease in greenhouse cherry tomato occurred in Cheorwon and Iksan, Korea, in 2007.
- Taxon
- cherry tomatoes
Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiformee0 - Interactor
- Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensist0pathogen - Outcome
- new bacterial diseasee0
- Setting
- Cheorwon and Iksan provinces, Koreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Pathogen is named in the title.
Verbatim
e0“In 2007, a new bacterial disease was observed in greenhouse-cultivated cherry tomatoes in Cheorwon and Iksan provinces, Korea.”
t0“Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Affected Koko tomatoes showed severe wilt, petiole curling and distorted leaves.
- Taxon
- Solanum lycopersicum
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- Kokoe0
- Interactor
- Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- severe wilte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The disease caused severe wilt of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Koko). Infected young petioles were curled downward. Margins of the leaves rolled upward and whole leaves were distorted.”
t0“Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Affected tomato stems had reddish or dark brown cankers and brown vascular tissue, without bird’s-eye lesions.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Organ / stage
- stemse0
- Interactor
- Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Stem cankerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: Symptom descriptions are combined.
Verbatim
e0“Stem cankers had reddish or dark brown cavities. Vascular tissues in stems cut longitudinally were brown to deep brown, but no bird's eye lesions were observed.”
t0“Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis”
t1“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with recovered bacterial strains produced wilt and canker symptoms on Koko tomatoes after two weeks.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Kokoe0
- Treatment
- clip inoculation of petioles of second leaves and spray inoculation with bacterial suspensions (1 × 10 8 CFU/ml)e0
- Interactor
- Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- Wilt and canker symptomse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pathogenicity of the strains (three plants per strain) on 18-day-old tomatoes (cv. Koko) was confirmed by clip inoculation of petioles of second leaves and spray inoculation with bacterial suspensions (1 × 10 8 CFU/ml) in sterile distilled water. Wilt and canker symptoms were observed 2 weeks after inoculation.”
t0“Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Clip inoculation caused wilt, defoliation and open stem cankers.
- Taxon
- tomatoesSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Clip inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- wilt, defoliation, and open stem cankerse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clip inoculation of tomatoes resulted in wilt, defoliation, and open stem cankers”
t0“Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis”
Claim · model-written summary
Spray inoculation caused white spots and sometimes water-soaked dark leaf-margin lesions.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt1
- Treatment
- spray inoculatione0
- Interactor
- Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensisClavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensist0pathogen
- Outcome
- small, white spotse0
- Value
- 2 to 3 mme0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“small, white spots (2 to 3 mm in diameter) and sometimes water-soaked, dark brown-to-black lesions on the leaf margins were observed with spray inoculation”
t0“Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis”
t1“Tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Sterile-water control tomato plants had no symptoms.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- sterile watere0
- Outcome
- No symptomse0
- Direction
- Noe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No symptoms were observed on negative control plants inoculated with sterile water.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The recovered strains were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis by physiological, genetic and pathological evidence.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesisClavibacter michiganensise0pathogen
- Outcome
- all strains were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On the basis of the physiological, genetic, and pathological characteristics, all strains were identified as C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesis.”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors report the first known bacterial canker of tomato caused by this Clavibacter subspecies in Korea.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesisClavibacter michiganensise0pathogen
- Outcome
- bacterial cankere0
- Setting
- Koreae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“this is the first report of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganenesis causing bacterial canker on tomato in Korea.”
The same questions in other papers
application · Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 5 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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See all 7 papers →inoculation · Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
4 papers more in this group
See all 8 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.