Abstract
ABSTRACT Long-term continuous cereal cropping systems without returning crop residues to soil has led to depletion of inherent soil fertility in semiarid subtropical soils of South Asia. The inclusion of legumes and their residues assumes great significance to restore sustainability. Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) are important oilseed crops of the region and have the feasibility to be grown in annual double crop rotation with the expansion of irrigation facilities. A 4-year field experiment with irrigated groundnut-sunflower rotation was conducted on a loamy sand soil (Typic Haplustept) to evaluate the effects of different rates of fertilizer N (0, 30 and 60 kg N ha−1) and P (0, 20, 30 and 40 kg P2O5 ha−1 corresponding to 0, 8.7, 13 and 17.5 kg P ha−1, respectively), applied either to one crop (direct for current crop and residual for succeeding crop) or to both crops (cumulative) each year, with or without 4 t ha−1 of groundnut crop residues (CR) on crop yields, nutrient uptake, fertilizer use efficiency and soil productivity parameters (pH, organic carbon, available N and P). The residual effects of P and CR were assessed on the succeeding groundnut crop. Winter-grown sunflower responded significantly and consistently to applied fertilizer N and P. Seed yield of sunflower increased significantly up to 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 and there was no further increase with directly applied 40 kg P2O5 ha−1. Cumulative application of P produced sunflower yields comparable with those from direct applications. Incorporation of groundnut residue in conjunction with 30 kg N ha−1 significantly increased the sunflower yields that were statistically at par with those obtained with the lone application of 60 kg N ha−1. All through 4 years, the combined application of CR with 60 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 further improved the yield potential of sunflower by 10–11% and of succeeding groundnut by 10–24%, illustrating the benefit that fertilizer N and P could not achieve. Residual fertilizer P (30 kg P2O5 ha−1) produced optimum yields of groundnut, which were comparable with that from directly applied 20 kg P2O5 ha−1. After 4 years of study, soil organic carbon swelled by 22% and Olsen-P increased from initial 12 kg P ha−1 to 24–43 kg P ha−1 in fertilizer and CR-treated plots. These results illustrated that in groundnut-sunflower rotation, (1) 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 are adequate for the sustaining optimal sunflower production; (2) whereas the application of fertilizer P to sunflower crop is required, P requirement of groundnut can be met from soil-derived and residual fertilizer P; and (3) incorporation of groundnut crop residues in conjunction with the adequate rates of N and P has complementary effects in maximizing the yields, uptake of N and P, and nutrient use-efficiency in sunflower as well as its residual effects on succeeding groundnut crop, and in sustaining long-term soil productivity.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower seed yield increased through 60 kg N ha−1.
- Taxon
- sunflower
Helianthus annuuse0 - Treatment
- 60 kg Ne0
- Outcome
- Seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 60 kg Ne0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yield of sunflower increased significantly up to 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower seed yield increased through 30 kg P2O5 ha−1.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 30 kg P2O5 ha−1e0
- Outcome
- Seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seed yield of sunflower increased significantly up to 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Direct 40 kg P2O5 ha−1 produced no further sunflower seed yield increase.
Not reportedTaxonComparatorOutcome
Verbatim
e0“there was no further increase with directly applied 40 kg P2O5 ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Cumulative and direct P applications produced comparable sunflower yields.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Cumulative application of Pe0
- Outcome
- sunflower yieldse0
- Direction
- comparablee0
- Comparator
- direct applicationse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cumulative application of P produced sunflower yields comparable with those from direct applications”
Claim · model-written summary
Groundnut residue with 30 kg N ha−1 increased sunflower yields to a level comparable with 60 kg N ha−1 alone.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- groundnut residue in conjunction with 30 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- sunflower yieldse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- lone application of 60 kg N ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Incorporation of groundnut residue in conjunction with 30 kg N ha−1 significantly increased the sunflower yields that were statistically at par with those obtained with the lone application of 60 kg N ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Residue with 60 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 improved sunflower yield by 10–11%.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- CR with 60 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1e0
- Outcome
- yield potentiale0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10–11%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of CR with 60 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 further improved the yield potential of sunflower by 10–11%”
Claim · model-written summary
The combined fertilizer and residue application improved succeeding groundnut yield by 10–24%.
- Taxon
- groundnut
Arachis hypogaeae0 - Treatment
- CR with 60 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1e0
- Outcome
- yield potentiale0
- Direction
- improvede0
- Value
- 10–24%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“combined application of CR with 60 kg N ha−1 and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 further improved the yield potential of sunflower by 10–11% and of succeeding groundnut by 10–24%”
Claim · model-written summary
Residual 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 gave optimum groundnut yields comparable to direct 20 kg P2O5 ha−1.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Treatment
- Residual fertilizer P (30 kg P2O5 ha−1)e0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- optimume0
- Comparator
- directly applied 20 kg P2O5 ha−1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Residual fertilizer P (30 kg P2O5 ha−1) produced optimum yields of groundnut, which were comparable with that from directly applied 20 kg P2O5 ha−1”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil organic carbon rose 22% after four years in fertilizer and residue plots.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“soil organic carbon swelled by 22% and Olsen-P increased from initial 12 kg P ha−1 to 24–43 kg P ha−1 in fertilizer and CR-treated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Olsen-P increased from 12 to 24–43 kg P ha−1 in treated plots.
- Treatment
- fertilizer and CR-treated plotse0
- Outcome
- Olsen-Pe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 24–43 kg P ha−1e0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Olsen-P increased from initial 12 kg P ha−1 to 24–43 kg P ha−1 in fertilizer and CR-treated plots”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors recommend 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 for sunflower production.
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1e0
- Outcome
- 60 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 are adequatee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“60 kg N and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1 are adequate for the sustaining optimal sunflower production”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors conclude groundnut P needs can be met from soil and residual fertilizer P.
- Taxon
- groundnutArachis hypogaeae0
- Outcome
- P requirement of groundnut can be met from soil-derived and residual fertilizer Pe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P requirement of groundnut can be met from soil-derived and residual fertilizer P”
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