Abstract
We investigated the role of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) in the amelioration of phenanthrene (PHE) stress in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Exposure to PHE (300 μM) significantly decreased shoot and root length (19 and 16 %, respectively), fresh mass (35 and 43 %, respectively), contents of chlorophyll a (26 %), chlorophyll b (27 %) and carotenoids (18 %) in tomato plants. In addition, PHE increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (57 %) and activity of secondary metabolism related enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD). The expression levels of GST1, PPO, SKDH, PAL and CAD genes were also induced by PHE. Importantly, EBR (0.1 μM) alone and in combination with PHE increased the growth, biomass and activity of those enzymes significantly over control and PHE alone, respectively. Consistent with enzymes activities transcript levels of GST1, PPO, SKDH, PAL and CAD were further increased in PHE+EBR over PHE alone. However, MDA content was remarkably decreased in PHE+EBR than PHE alone. Meanwhile, content of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were increased by PHE and PHE+EBR further increased all those parameters. These observations suggest that EBR regulates secondary metabolism in tomato which might enhance tolerance to PHE.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene reduced tomato shoot length by 19%.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to PHE (300 μM) significantly decreased shoot and root length (19 and 16 %, respectively)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene reduced tomato root length by 16%.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- PHE (300 μM)e0
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 16 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to PHE (300 μM) significantly decreased shoot and root length (19 and 16 %, respectively)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene reduced tomato shoot fresh mass by 35%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- fresh masse0
- Value
- 35e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Schema note from the model: The paired shoot/root fresh-mass values require sentence context.
Verbatim
e0“fresh mass (35 and 43 %, respectively)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene reduced tomato root fresh mass by 43%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- fresh masse0
- Value
- 43 %e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fresh mass (35 and 43 %, respectively)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene reduced tomato chlorophyll a content by 26%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll ae0
- Value
- 26 %e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contents of chlorophyll a (26 %), chlorophyll b (27 %) and carotenoids (18 %) in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene reduced tomato chlorophyll b content by 27%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- chlorophyll be0
- Value
- 27 %e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contents of chlorophyll a (26 %), chlorophyll b (27 %) and carotenoids (18 %) in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene reduced tomato carotenoid content by 18%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- carotenoidse0
- Value
- 18 %e0
Not reportedTreatmentComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“contents of chlorophyll a (26 %), chlorophyll b (27 %) and carotenoids (18 %) in tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene increased tomato malondialdehyde content by 57%.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHEe0
- Outcome
- malondialdehyde (MDA) contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 57 %e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PHE increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (57 %)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene increased activities of GST, G6PDH and SKDH enzymes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHEe0
- Gene
- glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH)e0
- Outcome
- activity of secondary metabolism related enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PHE increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (57 %) and activity of secondary metabolism related enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene increased PAL and CAD enzyme activities.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHEe0
- Gene
- phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)e0
- Outcome
- activity of secondary metabolism related enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PHE increased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content (57 %) and activity of secondary metabolism related enzymes glutathione-S-transferase (GST), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), shikimate dehydrogenase (SKDH), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD)”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene induced GST1, PPO and SKDH expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHEe0
- Gene
- GST1, PPO, SKDHe0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression levels of GST1, PPO, SKDH, PAL and CAD genes were also induced by PHE”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene induced PAL and CAD expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHEe0
- Gene
- PAL and CADe0
- Outcome
- expression levelse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The expression levels of GST1, PPO, SKDH, PAL and CAD genes were also induced by PHE”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR alone and with phenanthrene increased tomato growth and biomass relative to their respective comparators.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- EBR (0.1 μM)e0
- Outcome
- growth, biomasse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control and PHE alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EBR (0.1 μM) alone and in combination with PHE increased the growth, biomass and activity of those enzymes significantly over control and PHE alone, respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR alone and with phenanthrene increased secondary metabolism enzyme activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- EBR (0.1 μM)e0
- Outcome
- activity of those enzymese0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- control and PHE alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EBR (0.1 μM) alone and in combination with PHE increased the growth, biomass and activity of those enzymes significantly over control and PHE alone, respectively”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR plus phenanthrene increased GST1, PPO and SKDH transcripts over phenanthrene alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHE+EBRe0
- Gene
- GST1, PPO, SKDHe0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- PHE alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcript levels of GST1, PPO, SKDH, PAL and CAD were further increased in PHE+EBR over PHE alone”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR plus phenanthrene increased PAL and CAD transcripts over phenanthrene alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHE+EBRe0
- Gene
- PAL and CADe0
- Outcome
- transcript levelse0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- PHE alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“transcript levels of GST1, PPO, SKDH, PAL and CAD were further increased in PHE+EBR over PHE alone”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR plus phenanthrene decreased MDA content compared with phenanthrene alone.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHE+EBRe0
- Outcome
- MDA contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Comparator
- PHE alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MDA content was remarkably decreased in PHE+EBR than PHE alone”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Phenanthrene increased tomato phenol and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHEe0
- Outcome
- content of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“content of phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity were increased by PHE”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
EBR plus phenanthrene further increased phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- PHE+EBRe0
- Outcome
- all those parameterse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“PHE+EBR further increased all those parameters”
t0“tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest EBR regulation of secondary metabolism may enhance tolerance to phenanthrene.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- EBRe0
- Outcome
- tolerance to PHEe0
- Qualifier
- secondary metabolisme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“EBR regulates secondary metabolism in tomato which might enhance tolerance to PHE”
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See all 6 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.