Abstract
An experiment was conducted to manage the eggplant (brinjal) shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guene (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), the leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), and the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) during kharif, the southwest monsoon season (Jul-Oct), in 2010 and 2011 at an experimental farm at the Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi. The experiment consisted of 7 different treatments with brinjal or eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L. (Solanales: Solanaceae), as the main crop and coriander, marigold or mint as intercrops, along with a border crop (maize or cowpea) acting as refuge crops. Treatment T1 (maize as border crop and coriander as intercrop) harbored the smallest cumulative mean leafhopper population (6.90 insects per 3 leaves per plant) and the next to smallest mean whitefly population (9.64 insects per 3 leaves per plant) during monsoon season of 2010 and 2011. Treatment T3 (maize as border crop and marigold as intercrop) was second best in reducing the leafhopper population (7.27 insects per 3 leaves per plant), while it was the best treatment in reducing the whitefly population (8.36 insects per 3 leaves per plant). The sole crop (T7) harbored the largest whitefly (20.17 insects per 3 leaves per plant) and leafhopper (12.61 insects per 3 leaves per plant) populations among the 7 treatments. The lowest mean percentage fruit infestation was recorded from treatment T1 (by number: 27.72; by weight: 27.81). All the treatments involving intercrops showed significantly lower percentage fruit infestation by L. orbonalis than eggplant alone (T7, control), which showed 37.73% infestation by number of fruits and 38.13% by weight of the fruits. The greatest mean number of coccinellids (1.25 per plant) and largest Shannon-Wiener indices were recorded from treatment T1 (maize and coriander). The smallest mean number of coccinellids (0.37 per plant) and smallest Shannon-Wiener indices were recorded from the sole crop control, T7. Various plant volatiles present in the intercrop were identified by the thermal desorption technique. Twenty one volatile compounds were present in coriander, 7 in marigold, and 18 in mint. The current state of knowledge of the behavioral effects (repellency, attractancy, no effect) of each chemical with respect the various herbivorous insects and natural enemies is summarized and this information will facilitate quantitative studies on how different pest and beneficial insects respond to plant volatiles in polycultures.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T1 (maize border crop and coriander intercrop) had the smallest cumulative mean leafhopper population.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongena
Solanum melongenae3 - Material
- Pusa Krantie3
- Treatment
- maize as border crop and coriander as intercrope0
- Interactor
- Amrasca biguttula biguttulaAmrasca biguttula biguttulae1pest
- Outcome
- cumulative mean leafhopper populatione0
- Direction
- smalleste0
- Value
- 6.90 insects per 3 leaves per plante0
- Setting
- monsoon season of 2010 and 2011e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T1 (maize as border crop and coriander as intercrop) harbored the smallest cumulative mean leafhopper population (6.90 insects per 3 leaves per plant) and the next to smallest mean whitefly population (9.64 insects per 3 leaves per plant) during monsoon season of 2010 and 2011”
e1“the leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)”
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T1 had the next to smallest mean whitefly population.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Material
- Pusa Krantie3
- Treatment
- maize as border crop and coriander as intercrope0
- Interactor
- Bemisia tabaci
Bemisia tabacie2pest - Outcome
- mean whitefly populatione0
- Direction
- next to smalleste0
- Value
- 9.64 insects per 3 leaves per plante0
- Setting
- monsoon season of 2010 and 2011e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatment T1 (maize as border crop and coriander as intercrop) harbored the smallest cumulative mean leafhopper population (6.90 insects per 3 leaves per plant) and the next to smallest mean whitefly population (9.64 insects per 3 leaves per plant) during monsoon season of 2010 and 2011”
e2“the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)”
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T3 was second best in reducing the leafhopper population.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Material
- Pusa Krantie3
- Treatment
- maize as border crop and marigold as intercrope4
- Interactor
- Amrasca biguttula biguttulaAmrasca biguttula biguttulae1pest
- Outcome
- leafhopper populatione4
- Direction
- second beste4
- Value
- 7.27 insects per 3 leaves per plante4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)”
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Treatment T3 (maize as border crop and marigold as intercrop) was second best in reducing the leafhopper population (7.27 insects per 3 leaves per plant)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T3 was the best treatment in reducing the whitefly population.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Material
- Pusa Krantie3
- Treatment
- maize as border crop and marigold as intercrope4
- Interactor
- Bemisia tabaciBemisia tabacie2pest
- Outcome
- whitefly populatione5
- Direction
- beste5
- Value
- 8.36 insects per 3 leaves per plante5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)”
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e4“Treatment T3 (maize as border crop and marigold as intercrop) was second best in reducing the leafhopper population (7.27 insects per 3 leaves per plant)”
e5“it was the best treatment in reducing the whitefly population (8.36 insects per 3 leaves per plant)”
Claim · model-written summary
The sole crop harbored the largest whitefly population.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Material
- Pusa Krantie3
- Treatment
- sole crope6
- Interactor
- Bemisia tabaciBemisia tabacie2pest
- Outcome
- whiteflye6
- Direction
- largeste6
- Value
- 20.17 insects per 3 leaves per plante6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius)”
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e6“The sole crop (T7) harbored the largest whitefly (20.17 insects per 3 leaves per plant) and leafhopper (12.61 insects per 3 leaves per plant) populations among the 7 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
The sole crop harbored the largest leafhopper population.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Material
- Pusa Krantie3
- Treatment
- sole crope6
- Interactor
- Amrasca biguttula biguttulaAmrasca biguttula biguttulae1pest
- Outcome
- leafhoppere6
- Direction
- largeste6
- Value
- 12.61 insects per 3 leaves per plante6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“the leafhopper Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishida)”
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e6“The sole crop (T7) harbored the largest whitefly (20.17 insects per 3 leaves per plant) and leafhopper (12.61 insects per 3 leaves per plant) populations among the 7 treatments”
Claim · model-written summary
All treatments with intercrops had significantly lower fruit infestation by L. orbonalis than eggplant alone.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Treatment
- treatments involving intercropse7
- Interactor
- L. orbonalis
Leucinodes orbonalise7pest - Outcome
- percentage fruit infestatione7
- Direction
- significantly lowere7
- Comparator
- eggplant alonee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e7“All the treatments involving intercrops showed significantly lower percentage fruit infestation by L. orbonalis than eggplant alone (T7, control)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T1 had the lowest mean percentage fruit infestation by number of fruits (27.72%).
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Treatment
- treatment T1e4
- Interactor
- Leucinodes orbonalisLeucinodes orbonalise5pest
- Outcome
- mean percentage fruit infestatione4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Value
- 27.72e4
- Qualifier
- by numbere4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e4“The lowest mean percentage fruit infestation was recorded from treatment T1 (by number: 27.72; by weight: 27.81)”
e5“shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guene”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T1 had the lowest mean percentage fruit infestation by weight of fruits (27.81%).
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Treatment
- treatment T1e4
- Interactor
- Leucinodes orbonalisLeucinodes orbonalise5pest
- Outcome
- mean percentage fruit infestatione4
- Direction
- loweste4
- Value
- 27.81e4
- Qualifier
- by weighte4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e4“The lowest mean percentage fruit infestation was recorded from treatment T1 (by number: 27.72; by weight: 27.81)”
e5“shoot and fruit borer Leucinodes orbonalis Guene”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T1 (maize and coriander) had the greatest mean number of coccinellids (1.25 per plant).
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Treatment
- maize and coriandere4
- Interactor
- coccinellidse4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mean number of coccinellidse4
- Direction
- greateste4
- Value
- 1.25 per plante4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e4“The greatest mean number of coccinellids (1.25 per plant) and largest Shannon-Wiener indices were recorded from treatment T1 (maize and coriander)”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment T1 (maize and coriander) had the largest Shannon-Wiener indices.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Treatment
- maize and coriandere4
- Outcome
- Shannon-Wiener indicese4
- Direction
- largeste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e4“The greatest mean number of coccinellids (1.25 per plant) and largest Shannon-Wiener indices were recorded from treatment T1 (maize and coriander)”
Claim · model-written summary
The sole crop control had the smallest mean number of coccinellids (0.37 per plant).
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Treatment
- sole crop controle4
- Interactor
- coccinellidse4biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- mean number of coccinellidse4
- Direction
- smalleste4
- Value
- 0.37 per plante4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e4“The smallest mean number of coccinellids (0.37 per plant) and smallest Shannon-Wiener indices were recorded from the sole crop control, T7”
Claim · model-written summary
The sole crop control had the smallest Shannon-Wiener indices.
- Taxon
- Solanum melongenaSolanum melongenae3
- Treatment
- sole crop controle4
- Outcome
- Shannon-Wiener indicese4
- Direction
- smalleste4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“eggplant 'Pusa Kranti', Solanum melongena L.”
e4“The smallest mean number of coccinellids (0.37 per plant) and smallest Shannon-Wiener indices were recorded from the sole crop control, T7”
Claim · model-written summary
Coriander released 21 plant volatile compounds.
- Taxon
- coriander
Coriandrum sativume4 - Outcome
- volatile compoundse4
- Value
- Twenty onee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Twenty one volatile compounds were present in coriander, 7 in marigold, and 18 in mint”
Claim · model-written summary
Marigold had 7 plant volatile compounds.
Verbatim
e4“Twenty one volatile compounds were present in coriander, 7 in marigold, and 18 in mint”
Claim · model-written summary
Mint had 18 plant volatile compounds.
Verbatim
e4“Twenty one volatile compounds were present in coriander, 7 in marigold, and 18 in mint”
The same questions in other papers
intercropping · ecology: diversity · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
intercropping · Leucinodes orbonalis · Solanum melongena (eggplant)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.