Abstract
In many seed species, the major source of HCN evolved during water imbibition is cyanogenic glycosides. The present investigation was performed to elucidate the role of endogenous cyanogenic glycosides in the control of seed germination and to examine the involvment of β‐glucosidase in this process. All seed species used here contained some activities of β‐glucosidase already in the dry state before imbibition. in the decreasing order of Malus pumila, Daucus carota, Hordeum vulgare, Chenopodium album and so on. β‐Gluosidase activity in upper and lower seeds of cocklebur ( Xanthium pennsylvanicum Wallr.) decreased with imbibition, and in lower seeds the activity disappeared when they germinated. On the contrary, in caryopses of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Sasanishiki) β‐glucosidase increased during imbibition, and this increase continued even after germination. β‐Glucosidase in cocklebur seeds was more active in the axial than in the cotyledonary tissue. Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarin could all serve as substrattes for the β‐glucosidase(s) from both cocklebur and rice. Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarin as well as KCN, were effective in stimulating the germination of upper cocklebur seeds. The seeds evolved much more free HCN gas when they were exposed to the cyanogenic glycosides than when the glycosides were absent. Moreover, the application of the cyanogenic glycosides or of KCN caused accumulation of bound HCN in the seeds. Carbon monoxide, which stimulated cocklebur seed germination only slightly, did not cause accumulation of bound HCN. We suggest that a balance between the cytochrome and the alternative respiration pathways, which is adequate for germination (Esashi et al. 1987. Plant Cell Physiol. 28: 141–150), may be brought about by the action of endogenous HCN; a large portion of which is liberated from cyanogenic glycosides via the action of β‐glucosidase. In addition to the partial suppression of the cytochrome path and unlike carbon monoxide, the HCN thus produced may act to supply cyanide group(s) to unknown compounds necessary for germination.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
All seed species used contained some beta-glucosidase activity already in the dry state before imbibition.
- Taxon
- Malus pumila, Daucus carota, Hordeum vulgare, Chenopodium album
Chenopodium album
Daucus carota.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgare
Malus pumilae2 - Outcome
- some activitiese1
- Qualifier
- already in the dry state before imbibitione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“All seed species used here contained some activities of β‐glucosidase already in the dry state before imbibition”
e2“in the decreasing order of Malus pumila, Daucus carota, Hordeum vulgare, Chenopodium album and so on”
Claim · model-written summary
In rice caryopses beta-glucosidase increased during imbibition and continued to increase after germination.
- Taxon
- Oryza sativa L.
Oryza sativae5 - Material
- cv. Sasanishikie5
- Organ / stage
- caryopsese5
- Treatment
- imbibitione5
- Outcome
- β‐glucosidasee5
- Direction
- increasede5
- Qualifier
- this increase continued even after germinatione5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“in caryopses of rice ( Oryza sativa L. cv. Sasanishiki) β‐glucosidase increased during imbibition, and this increase continued even after germination”
Claim · model-written summary
Beta-glucosidase in cocklebur seeds was more active in the axial than in the cotyledonary tissue.
- Taxon
- cocklebur
Xanthium strumariume6 - Organ / stage
- axiale6
- Outcome
- β‐Glucosidasee6
- Direction
- more activee6
- Comparator
- cotyledonary tissuee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“β‐Glucosidase in cocklebur seeds was more active in the axial than in the cotyledonary tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarin could serve as substrates for the beta-glucosidase(s) of both cocklebur and rice.
- Taxon
- cocklebur and riceOryza sativaXanthium strumariume7
- Gene
- β‐glucosidase(s)e7
- Compound
- Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarine7
- Outcome
- serve as substrattese7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarin could all serve as substrattes for the β‐glucosidase(s) from both cocklebur and rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarin stimulated germination of upper cocklebur seeds.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume1
- Organ / stage
- upper cocklebur seedse1
- Treatment
- Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarine1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- stimulatinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarin as well as KCN, were effective in stimulating the germination of upper cocklebur seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
KCN stimulated germination of upper cocklebur seeds.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume1
- Organ / stage
- upper cocklebur seedse1
- Treatment
- KCNe1
- Outcome
- germinatione1
- Direction
- stimulatinge1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Amygdalin, prunasin and linamarin as well as KCN, were effective in stimulating the germination of upper cocklebur seeds”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide stimulated cocklebur seed germination only slightly.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume1
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee1
- Outcome
- seed germinatione1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
- Qualifier
- only slightlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Carbon monoxide, which stimulated cocklebur seed germination only slightly, did not cause accumulation of bound HCN”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbon monoxide did not cause accumulation of bound HCN in cocklebur seeds.
- Taxon
- cockleburXanthium strumariume1
- Treatment
- Carbon monoxidee1
- Outcome
- accumulation of bound HCNe1
- Direction
- did not causee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Carbon monoxide, which stimulated cocklebur seed germination only slightly, did not cause accumulation of bound HCN”
The same questions in other papers
potassium cyanide · growth · Xanthium strumarium (cocklebur)Results differ
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.