Abstract
In terms of gene expression and carbohydrate metabolism, the response of wheat seedlings to hypoxia is dramatically different from the anoxic response. Total carbohydrate content of roots increased 4-fold during 6 days of hypoxia, with a 17-fold increase in fructans. In contrast, anoxically treated roots depleted all soluble carbohydrates and died within 72 h. Gas exchange measurements (CO(2) release vs. O(2) uptake) demonstrate that hypoxia establishes a new balance between fermentation and aerobic respiration in the roots without altering the flux of carbon through glycolysis. Furthermore, the respiratory component of this new balance is 55% higher in roots that have been hypoxically pretreated compared to non-hypoxically pretreated roots. The establishment of this new homeostasis under hypoxia involves the induction of glycolytic (aldolase and enolase) and fermentative enzymes (pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase). Enzyme induction is generally complete within 24 h with mRNA induction occurring primarily during Period I (0-6 h of hypoxia), and maximal enzymes activities attained during Period II (6-24 h of hypoxia). Accumulation rates of Suc, hexoses, and fructans also change during Periods I and II. By the start of Period III (24-144 h of hypoxia), the metabolic adjustments are complete and fructans are the major carbohydrate accumulated. In anoxia, the pattern of enzyme induction was dramatically different: aldolase was not induced and declined throughout the treatment. Alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and lactate dehydrogenase were induced as in hypoxia, but rapidly declined within 72 h of anoxia. Only enolase exhibited a similar expression pattern in both anoxia and hypoxia.
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Claims 16
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia increased wheat root carbohydrate content fourfold over six days.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- hypoxiae0
- Outcome
- Total carbohydrate contente0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4-folde0
- Qualifier
- 6 dayse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total carbohydrate content of roots increased 4-fold during 6 days of hypoxia”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia increased wheat root fructans 17-fold.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootst0
- Treatment
- hypoxiae1
- Outcome
- fructanse0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Value
- 17-folde0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“with a 17-fold increase in fructans”
e1“during 6 days of hypoxia”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Anoxia depleted all soluble carbohydrates in roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Organ / stage
- rootse0
- Treatment
- anoxically treatede0
- Outcome
- all soluble carbohydratese0
- Direction
- depletede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anoxically treated roots depleted all soluble carbohydrates”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Anoxically treated roots died within 72 h.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- anoxically treatede0
- Outcome
- roots depleted all soluble carbohydrates and diede0
- Qualifier
- within 72 he0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“anoxically treated roots depleted all soluble carbohydrates and died within 72 h”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia established a new balance between fermentation and aerobic respiration in roots.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hypoxiae0
- Outcome
- new balance between fermentation and aerobic respiratione0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“hypoxia establishes a new balance between fermentation and aerobic respiration in the roots”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia did not alter carbon flux through glycolysis.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hypoxiae1
- Outcome
- flux of carbon through glycolysise0
- Direction
- without alteringe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“without altering the flux of carbon through glycolysis”
e1“hypoxia establishes a new balance”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Respiratory activity was 55% higher after hypoxic pretreatment than without it.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hypoxically pretreatede0
- Outcome
- respiratory componente0
- Direction
- highere0
- Value
- 55%e0
- Comparator
- non-hypoxically pretreated rootse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“respiratory component of this new balance is 55% higher in roots that have been hypoxically pretreated compared to non-hypoxically pretreated roots”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia induced glycolytic aldolase and enolase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hypoxiae1
- Gene
- aldolase and enolasee0
- Outcome
- induction of glycolytice0
- Direction
- inductione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“induction of glycolytic (aldolase and enolase)”
e1“under hypoxia”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Hypoxia induced pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- hypoxiae2
- Gene
- pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenasee0
- Outcome
- fermentative enzymese0
- Direction
- inductione1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“fermentative enzymes (pyruvate decarboxylase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and lactate dehydrogenase)”
e1“involves the induction of glycolytic (aldolase and enolase) and fermentative enzymes”
e2“under hypoxia”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
mRNA induction occurred chiefly in the first six hours of hypoxia.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- mRNA inductione0
- Qualifier
- Period I (0-6 h of hypoxia)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mRNA induction occurring primarily during Period I (0-6 h of hypoxia)”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Enzyme activities reached maxima during 6–24 hours of hypoxia.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- enzymes activitiese0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Qualifier
- Period II (6-24 h of hypoxia)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“maximal enzymes activities attained during Period II (6-24 h of hypoxia)”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Sucrose, hexose, and fructan accumulation rates changed in the first two hypoxic periods.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- Accumulation rates of Suc, hexoses, and fructanse0
- Qualifier
- Periods I and IIe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Accumulation rates of Suc, hexoses, and fructans also change during Periods I and II.”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
By 24–144 hours of hypoxia fructans were the major carbohydrate accumulated.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- fructans are the major carbohydrate accumulatede0
- Qualifier
- Period III (24-144 h of hypoxia)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“By the start of Period III (24-144 h of hypoxia), the metabolic adjustments are complete and fructans are the major carbohydrate accumulated.”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
In anoxia aldolase was not induced and declined throughout treatment.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“aldolase was not induced and declined throughout the treatment”
e1“In anoxia”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
In anoxia alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and lactate dehydrogenase were induced then declined within 72 hours.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- Alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and lactate dehydrogenasee0
- Outcome
- Alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and lactate dehydrogenasee0
- Direction
- rapidly declinede0
- Qualifier
- within 72 h of anoxiae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Alcohol dehydrogenase, pyruvate decarboxylase, and lactate dehydrogenase were induced as in hypoxia, but rapidly declined within 72 h of anoxia.”
t0“wheat roots”
Claim · model-written summary
Enolase showed a similar expression pattern under anoxia and hypoxia.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Gene
- enolasee0
- Outcome
- similar expression patterne0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Only enolase exhibited a similar expression pattern in both anoxia and hypoxia.”
t0“wheat roots”
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