Abstract
The mechanisms that initiate reproductive development after fertilization are not understood. Reproduction in higher plants is unique because it is initiated by two fertilization events in the haploid female gametophyte. One sperm nucleus fertilizes the egg to form the embryo. A second sperm nucleus fertilizes the central cell to form the endosperm, a unique tissue that supports the growth of the embryo. Fertilization also activates maternal tissue differentiation, the ovule integuments form the seed coat, and the ovary forms the fruit. To investigate mechanisms that initiate reproductive development, a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis. The fie mutation specifically affects the central cell, allowing for replication of the central cell nucleus and endosperm development without fertilization. The fie mutation does not appear to affect the egg cell, suggesting that the processes that control the initiation of embryogenesis and endosperm development are different. FIE/fie seed coat and fruit undergo fertilization-independent differentiation, which shows that the fie female gametophyte is the source of signals that activates sporophytic fruit and seed coat development. The mutant fie allele is not transmitted by the female gametophyte. Inheritance of the mutant fie allele by the female gametophyte results in embryo abortion, even when the pollen bears the wild-type FIE allele. Thus, FIE carries out a novel, essential function for female reproductive development.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
The fie mutation permits central-cell nuclear replication without fertilization.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise1 - Treatment
- fie mutatione0
- Gene
- fiee1
- Outcome
- replication of the central cell nucleuse0
- Comparator
- without fertilizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fie mutation specifically affects the central cell, allowing for replication of the central cell nucleus and endosperm development without fertilization”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The fie mutation permits endosperm development without fertilization.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Treatment
- fie mutatione0
- Gene
- fiee1
- Outcome
- endosperm developmente0
- Comparator
- without fertilizatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fie mutation specifically affects the central cell, allowing for replication of the central cell nucleus and endosperm development without fertilization”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The fie mutation does not appear to affect the egg cell.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- fiee1
- Outcome
- does not appear to affect the egg celle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fie mutation does not appear to affect the egg cell”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FIE/fie seed coats differentiate independently of fertilization.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Organ / stage
- seed coate0
- Gene
- FIE/fiee0
- Outcome
- fertilization-independent differentiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FIE/fie seed coat and fruit undergo fertilization-independent differentiation”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FIE/fie fruit differentiate independently of fertilization.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Organ / stage
- fruite0
- Gene
- FIE/fiee0
- Outcome
- fertilization-independent differentiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FIE/fie seed coat and fruit undergo fertilization-independent differentiation”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that the fie female gametophyte signals sporophytic fruit and seed-coat development.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- fiee0
- Outcome
- activates sporophytic fruit and seed coat developmente0
- Qualifier
- source of signalse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the fie female gametophyte is the source of signals that activates sporophytic fruit and seed coat development”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
The mutant fie allele is not transmitted through the female gametophyte.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- fiee0
- Outcome
- not transmitted by the female gametophytee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The mutant fie allele is not transmitted by the female gametophyte”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
Maternal transmission of fie causes embryo abortion despite wild-type FIE pollen.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- fiee0
- Outcome
- embryo abortione0
- Qualifier
- even when the pollen bears the wild-type FIE allelee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inheritance of the mutant fie allele by the female gametophyte results in embryo abortion, even when the pollen bears the wild-type FIE allele”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
Claim · model-written summary
FIE has an essential role in female reproductive development.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise1
- Gene
- FIEe0
- Outcome
- essential function for female reproductive developmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“FIE carries out a novel, essential function for female reproductive development”
e1“a female-gametophytic mutation termed fie (fertilization-independent endosperm) has been isolated in Arabidopsis”
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