Abstract
AbstractThe effect of increasing chloride content in nutrient solution on nutrient composition in root environment, interaction of nutrients in leaves and yield of greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool were searched. In Experiment I (2004–2005) the levels of 15, 30, 60, and 90 mg Cl·L−1 but in Experiment II (2006) 30, 60, 90 and 120 mg Cl·L−1 of nutrient solution were tested. The sources of chloride were water (9.6–10.7 mg Cl·L−1) and calcium chloride (CaCl2·2H2O) but the rest of nutrients and sodium in all treatments were on the same levels. It was found that increasing content of chloride from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L−1 enhanced the total and marketable fruit yield. Within the range of 60 to 90 mg Cl·L−1 the yield was on the optimum level but the content of 120 mg Cl·L−1 declined it. Increasing chloride content in the nutrient solutions was reflected in rising of chlorine content in leaves. The concentration of chloride above 60 mg C·L−1 reduced the content of nitrogen but above 90 mg C·L−1 declined the content of calcium, sulfur and zinc in leaves. The antagonism between Cl:N, Cl:Ca: Cl:S and Cl:Zn was appeared. More variable interaction were between Cl:K and Cl:B. At the low levels of chloride, from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L−1, potassium and boron content were decreased but at the higher ones, from 90 to 120 mg·L−1, these nutrients had increasing course. It was not found out the effect of chloride contents on macro and microelement contents in nutrient solution emitted from drippers however their content upraising in root medium (rockwool). The highest increase was found out for Na 95.1 and 64.9 % (Exp. I and II - respectively), next for Ca (76.0, 70.1 %), Cu (62.5 and 71.0 %), Cl (43.6, 24.4), B (33.3, 21.0 %), N-NO3 (30.4, 49.6 %), Zn (29.5, 32.8 %), S-SO4 (25.9, 25.5 %), K (24.5, 24.1 %), Fe (19.8, 19.2 %), Mn (17.5, 21.3 %) and Mg (14.9, 11.7). Advantageous effect of chloride on tomato yield justified the need to introduce for the practice adequate chlorine nutrition, and recommend to maintain 60 to 90 mg Cl·L−1 in nutrient solution. The best yield appeared when content of chlorine in leaves (8th or 9th leaf from the top) was in the range 0.48-0.60 % of Cl in d. m.Keywords: macronutrientsmicronutrientsnutrient uptakevegetable crops
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chloride from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L−1 enhanced total and marketable tomato fruit yield; yield was optimal at 60 to 90 mg Cl·L−1 and the 120 mg Cl·L−1 level declined it.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- Grace F1e0
- Treatment
- increasing content of chloridee1
- Outcome
- total and marketable fruit yielde1
- Direction
- enhancede1
- Qualifier
- the yield was on the optimum levele2
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“It was found that increasing content of chloride from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L−1 enhanced the total and marketable fruit yield”
e2“Within the range of 60 to 90 mg Cl·L−1 the yield was on the optimum level”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing chloride in the nutrient solution raised chlorine content in tomato leaves; the best yield occurred at 0.48–0.60 % leaf chlorine.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Grace F1e0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- Increasing chloride content in the nutrient solutionse1
- Outcome
- chlorine content in leavese1
- Direction
- risinge1
- Qualifier
- the range 0.48-0.60 % of Cl in d. m.e2
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“Increasing chloride content in the nutrient solutions was reflected in rising of chlorine content in leaves”
e2“The best yield appeared when content of chlorine in leaves (8th or 9th leaf from the top) was in the range 0.48-0.60 % of Cl in d. m.”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride above 60 mg C·L−1 reduced leaf nitrogen content; chloride above 90 mg C·L−1 reduced leaf calcium, sulfur and zinc content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Grace F1e0
- Organ / stage
- leavese1
- Treatment
- above 60 mg C·L−1e1
- Outcome
- content of nitrogene1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Qualifier
- above 90 mg C·L−1 declined the content of calcium, sulfur and zince1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“The concentration of chloride above 60 mg C·L−1 reduced the content of nitrogen but above 90 mg C·L−1 declined the content of calcium, sulfur and zinc in leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
An antagonism was found between chloride and nitrogen, calcium, sulfur and zinc in tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- The antagonism between Cl:N, Cl:Ca: Cl:S and Cl:Zne1
- Direction
- antagonisme1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“The antagonism between Cl:N, Cl:Ca: Cl:S and Cl:Zn was appeared”
Claim · model-written summary
Low chloride (15 to 60 mg Cl·L−1) decreased tomato potassium and boron content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Grace F1e0
- Treatment
- low levels of chloridee1
- Outcome
- potassium and boron contente1
- Direction
- decreasede1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“At the low levels of chloride, from 15 to 60 mg Cl·L−1, potassium and boron content were decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Higher chloride (90 to 120 mg·L−1) increased tomato potassium and boron content.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- Grace F1e0
- Treatment
- from 90 to 120 mg·L−1e1
- Outcome
- potassium and boron contente1
- Direction
- increasinge1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“potassium and boron content were decreased but at the higher ones, from 90 to 120 mg·L−1, these nutrients had increasing course”
Claim · model-written summary
Chloride contents had no tested effect on macro and microelement contents in drip solution, but element contents rose in the rockwool root medium.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- content upraising in root mediume1
- Direction
- upraisinge1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“their content upraising in root medium”
Claim · model-written summary
The abstract recommends maintaining 60 to 90 mg Cl·L−1 in tomato nutrient solution for adequate chlorine nutrition.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- adequate chlorine nutritione1
- Qualifier
- maintain 60 to 90 mg Cl·L−1 in nutrient solutione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“Advantageous effect of chloride on tomato yield justified the need to introduce for the practice adequate chlorine nutrition, and recommend to maintain 60 to 90 mg Cl·L−1 in nutrient solution”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium content in the root medium rose by 95.1 and 64.9 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Nae1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 95.1 and 64.9 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“The highest increase was found out for Na 95.1 and 64.9 %”
Claim · model-written summary
Calcium content in the root medium rose by 76.0 and 70.1 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Cae1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 76.0, 70.1 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“next for Ca (76.0, 70.1 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Copper content in the root medium rose by 62.5 and 71.0 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Cue1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 62.5 and 71.0 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“Cu (62.5 and 71.0 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorine content in the root medium rose by 43.6 and 24.4 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Cle1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 43.6, 24.4e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“Cl (43.6, 24.4)”
Claim · model-written summary
Boron content in the root medium rose by 33.3 and 21.0 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Be1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 33.3, 21.0 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“B (33.3, 21.0 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate-nitrogen content in the root medium rose by 30.4 and 49.6 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- N-NO3e1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 30.4, 49.6 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“N-NO3 (30.4, 49.6 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Zinc content in the root medium rose by 29.5 and 32.8 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Zne1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 29.5, 32.8 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“Zn (29.5, 32.8 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sulfate-sulfur content in the root medium rose by 25.9 and 25.5 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- S-SO4e1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 25.9, 25.5 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“S-SO4 (25.9, 25.5 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Potassium content in the root medium rose by 24.5 and 24.1 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Ke1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 24.5, 24.1 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“K (24.5, 24.1 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Iron content in the root medium rose by 19.8 and 19.2 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Fee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 19.8, 19.2 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“Fe (19.8, 19.2 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Manganese content in the root medium rose by 17.5 and 21.3 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Mne1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 17.5, 21.3 %e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“Mn (17.5, 21.3 %)”
Claim · model-written summary
Magnesium content in the root medium rose by 14.9 and 11.7 % (Exp. I and II) under the chloride treatments.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Mge1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 14.9, 11.7e1
- Setting
- greenhousee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“greenhouse tomato cv. 'Grace F1' grown in rockwool”
e1“Mg (14.9, 11.7)”
The same questions in other papers
chloride · nutrient: content · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.