Abstract
Winter cropping in Western Australia (WA) is dominated by spring-type cereals and canola (Brassica napus L.) with no vernalisation requirement that are sown in late autumn (late April and May). With limited earlier sowing opportunities for later maturing winter-type crops in early autumn, farmers aiming to obtain some benefit from the grazing of crops (i.e. dual-purpose) must consider the grazing potential of spring types sown in late autumn. The aim of this study was to develop grazing guidelines for spring-type crops in WA that will limit the potential for grain yield losses. In order to determine the recovery response of spring-type crops to grazing intensity and timing, 59 time-of-cutting × height-of-cutting experiments were conducted throughout the south-western region of WA in 2012. Experiments were conducted on spring types of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), canola and oats (Avena sativa L.). Multi-site analysis showed that treatments simulating high-intensity ‘crash’ grazing to ground level or to a height of 5 cm reduced grain yield unless conducted early in vegetative growth before reproductive stages. Treatments simulating ‘clip’ grazing by removing only the top 5–10 cm of crop foliage reduced grain yield to a lesser extent than crash grazing, and in several instances could extend the safe cutting period past hollow stem (Zadoks growth stage 30) and/or the end of July for cereals, or past mid-July for spring canola, provided the developing reproductive parts of all crops were not damaged. On average, the amounts of biomass removed by clip grazing without yield penalty were 0.4, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3 t ha–1 for barley, wheat, oats and canola and were similar to those removed by earlier, safe crash grazing. These represent significant amounts of forage and suggest that clip grazing of spring-type crops may be an approach suited to WA cropping and grazing systems.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Crash grazing to ground level or 5 cm reduced grain yield unless done early before reproductive stages.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- high-intensity ‘crash’ grazing to ground level or to a height of 5 cme0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Qualifier
- unless conducted early in vegetative growth before reproductive stagese0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“treatments simulating high-intensity ‘crash’ grazing to ground level or to a height of 5 cm reduced grain yield unless conducted early in vegetative growth before reproductive stages”
t0“barley, wheat, oats and canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Clip grazing reduced grain yield less than crash grazing.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- ‘clip’ grazing by removing only the top 5–10 cm of crop foliagee0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Comparator
- crash grazinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments simulating ‘clip’ grazing by removing only the top 5–10 cm of crop foliage reduced grain yield to a lesser extent than crash grazing”
t0“barley, wheat, oats and canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Clip grazing sometimes extended safe cutting past hollow stem or late July for cereals, provided reproductive parts were undamaged.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- safe cutting periode0
- Direction
- extende0
- Qualifier
- past hollow stem (Zadoks growth stage 30) and/or the end of July for cerealse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“in several instances could extend the safe cutting period past hollow stem (Zadoks growth stage 30) and/or the end of July for cereals”
t0“barley, wheat, oats and canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Clip grazing sometimes extended safe cutting past mid-July for spring canola.
- Taxon
- canola
.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napus var. napust0 - Outcome
- safe cutting periode0
- Direction
- extende0
- Qualifier
- past mid-July for spring canolae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“could extend the safe cutting period past hollow stem (Zadoks growth stage 30) and/or the end of July for cereals, or past mid-July for spring canola”
t0“barley, wheat, oats and canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley clip grazing removed 0.4 t ha–1 of biomass without a yield penalty.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- biomass removede0
- Value
- 0.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amounts of biomass removed by clip grazing without yield penalty were 0.4, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3 t ha–1 for barley, wheat, oats and canola”
t0“barley, wheat, oats and canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Wheat clip grazing removed 0.3 t ha–1 of biomass without a yield penalty.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- biomass removede0
- Value
- 0.3 t ha–1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amounts of biomass removed by clip grazing without yield penalty were 0.4, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3 t ha–1 for barley, wheat, oats and canola”
t0“barley, wheat, oats and canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Oat clip grazing removed 0.5 t ha–1 of biomass without a yield penalty.
- Taxon
- oats
Avena sativat0 - Outcome
- biomass removede0
- Value
- 0.5e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amounts of biomass removed by clip grazing without yield penalty were 0.4, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3 t ha–1 for barley, wheat, oats and canola”
t0“barley, wheat, oats and canola”
Claim · model-written summary
Canola clip grazing removed 0.3 t ha–1 of biomass without a yield penalty.
- Taxon
- canolaBrassica napus var. napust0
- Outcome
- biomass removede0
- Value
- 0.3 t ha–1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the amounts of biomass removed by clip grazing without yield penalty were 0.4, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.3 t ha–1 for barley, wheat, oats and canola”
t0“barley, wheat, oats and canola”
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- positive
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See all 70 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.