Abstract
Abstract To evaluate the use of foliar application of N fertilizer and the occurrence of leaf injury in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro), the effects of the form and concentration of N and solution pH on the leaf injury were studied in the first experiment (Expt. 1). The effects of solution pH and leaf surface on the absorption, translocation, and assimilation of urea were compared with those of nitrate and ammonium in the second experiment (Expt. 2). In Expt. 1, no leaf injury was observed regardless of N sources applied at the N concentration of 1.0 g L-1. Compared with nitrate or ammonium, the index of leaf injury was the lowest in the leaf to which urea had been applied (hereafter referred to as “urea-applied leaf”), when the N level increased from 2.0 to 10.0 g L-1. Leaf injury was not affected by the solution pH in the case of urea, but it increased in the case of ammonium and decreased when nitrate was applied with increasing solution pH. In Expt. 2, the absorption of nitrate and ammonium by a leaf within 4 d was 34% and 74% of that of urea, respectively. N absorption at the lower leaf surface was much greater than that at the upper leaf surface for each N source. No apparent effect of solution pH on the absorption of urea was detected. With increasing solution pH, however, the absorption of nitrate decreased. The absorption of ammonium was the greatest at solution pH 7.5. Total-15N translocation from applied leaf to other plant parts within 4 d was the largest in the urea-applied plants. Effects of solution pH and leaf surface on 15N distribution were not appreciable. 15N assimilation was the quickest in the urea-applied plants. Two days after application, 15N assimilation in the whole plant was up to 76.9% in the urea-applied plants, but only 33.7% and 43.0% in the nitrate- and ammonium-applied plants, respectively. Urea was an appropriate foliar N source due to the low ability to injure foliage because of the rapid absorption and translocation, fast assimilation, and the wide and suitable range of solution pH. Foliar application of N to the lower leaf surface was recommended.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
No leaf injury was observed in tomato at 1.0 g/L N regardless of N source.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume0 - Material
- cv. Momotaroe0
- Treatment
- N sourcese1
- Outcome
- leaf injurye1
- Qualifier
- 1.0 g L-1e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“no leaf injury was observed regardless of N sources applied at the N concentration of 1.0 g L-1”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea gave the lowest leaf injury index compared with nitrate or ammonium.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ureae2
- Outcome
- index of leaf injurye2
- Direction
- loweste2
- Comparator
- nitrate or ammoniume2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e2“Compared with nitrate or ammonium, the index of leaf injury was the lowest in the leaf to which urea had been applied”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea-related leaf injury was not affected by solution pH in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- solution pHe3
- Outcome
- leaf injurye3
- Direction
- not affectede3
- Qualifier
- in the case of ureae3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e3“Leaf injury was not affected by the solution pH in the case of urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf injury increased with increasing solution pH when ammonium was applied.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- solution pHe4
- Outcome
- leaf injurye3
- Direction
- increasede4
- Qualifier
- in the case of ammoniume4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e3“Leaf injury was not affected by the solution pH in the case of urea”
e4“it increased in the case of ammonium and decreased when nitrate was applied with increasing solution pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf injury decreased with increasing solution pH when nitrate was applied.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- solution pHe4
- Outcome
- leaf injurye3
- Direction
- decreasede4
- Qualifier
- when nitrate was appliede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e3“Leaf injury was not affected by the solution pH in the case of urea”
e4“it increased in the case of ammonium and decreased when nitrate was applied with increasing solution pH”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate absorption by a leaf within 4 days was 34% of that of urea.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nitratee5
- Outcome
- absorption of nitratee5
- Direction
- lowerinferrede5
- Value
- 34%e5
- Comparator
- ureae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e5“the absorption of nitrate and ammonium by a leaf within 4 d was 34% and 74% of that of urea”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium absorption by a leaf within 4 days was 74% of that of urea.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- ammoniume5
- Outcome
- absorptione5
- Direction
- lowerinferrede5
- Value
- 74%e5
- Comparator
- ureae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e5“the absorption of nitrate and ammonium by a leaf within 4 d was 34% and 74% of that of urea”
Claim · model-written summary
N absorption at the lower leaf surface was much greater than at the upper leaf surface for each N source.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- lower leaf surfacee6
- Outcome
- N absorptione6
- Direction
- much greatere6
- Comparator
- upper leaf surfacee6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e6“N absorption at the lower leaf surface was much greater than that at the upper leaf surface for each N source”
Claim · model-written summary
Solution pH had no apparent effect on urea absorption by tomato leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- solution pHe7
- Outcome
- absorption of ureae7
- Direction
- No apparent effecte7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e7“No apparent effect of solution pH on the absorption of urea was detected”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrate absorption by tomato leaves decreased with increasing solution pH.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- increasing solution pHe1
- Outcome
- absorption of nitratee1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“With increasing solution pH, however, the absorption of nitrate decreased”
Claim · model-written summary
Ammonium absorption by tomato leaves was greatest at solution pH 7.5.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- solution pHe1
- Outcome
- absorption of ammoniume1
- Direction
- greateste1
- Value
- pH 7.5e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“The absorption of ammonium was the greatest at solution pH 7.5”
Claim · model-written summary
Total 15N translocation from the applied leaf was largest in urea-applied tomato plants within 4 days.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- urea-applied plantse1
- Outcome
- Total-15N translocation from applied leafe1
- Direction
- largeste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“Total-15N translocation from applied leaf to other plant parts within 4 d was the largest in the urea-applied plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Solution pH and leaf surface had no appreciable effect on 15N distribution in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- solution pHe1
- Outcome
- 15N distributione1
- Direction
- not appreciablee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“Effects of solution pH and leaf surface on 15N distribution were not appreciable”
Claim · model-written summary
15N assimilation was quickest in urea-applied tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- urea-applied plantse1
- Outcome
- 15N assimilatione1
- Direction
- quickeste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“15N assimilation was the quickest in the urea-applied plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Two days after application, 15N assimilation in the whole tomato plant reached up to 76.9% in urea-applied plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- urea-applied plantse1
- Outcome
- 15N assimilation in the whole plante1
- Value
- 76.9%e1
- Qualifier
- Two days after applicatione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“Two days after application, 15N assimilation in the whole plant was up to 76.9% in the urea-applied plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Two days after application, 15N assimilation in the whole tomato plant was 33.7% in nitrate-applied plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nitrate- and ammonium-applied plantse2
- Outcome
- 15N assimilation in the whole plante1
- Value
- 33.7%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“Two days after application, 15N assimilation in the whole plant was up to 76.9% in the urea-applied plants”
e2“but only 33.7% and 43.0% in the nitrate- and ammonium-applied plants, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Two days after application, 15N assimilation in the whole tomato plant was 43.0% in ammonium-applied plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- nitrate- and ammonium-applied plantse2
- Outcome
- 15N assimilation in the whole plante1
- Value
- 43.0%e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“Two days after application, 15N assimilation in the whole plant was up to 76.9% in the urea-applied plants”
e2“but only 33.7% and 43.0% in the nitrate- and ammonium-applied plants, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Urea is an appropriate foliar N source for tomato because it injures foliage less.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Treatment
- Ureae1
- Outcome
- appropriate foliar N sourcee1
- Qualifier
- low ability to injure foliagee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“Urea was an appropriate foliar N source due to the low ability to injure foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar N should be applied to the lower leaf surface of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Outcome
- Foliar application of N to the lower leaf surfacee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. Momotaro)”
e1“Foliar application of N to the lower leaf surface was recommended”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · crop injury · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
4 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- no effect
- negative
- negative
8 papers more in this group
See all 12 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.