Abstract
Abstract The native parasitoid Eretmocerus mundus Mercet and the predator Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur are widely used to control Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in Mediterranean tomato greenhouses. An optimal biological control strategy for B. tabaci should take into account intraguild interactions between these natural enemies. In this study, predator's prey preferences and prey consumption were studied when offered different parasitoid and whitefly stages. The effect of the host plant on the adults of both natural enemies was also examined. M. pygmaeus preferred to consume B. tabaci over E. mundus when immature stages and adults of B. tabaci and E. mundus were offered. They consumed a larger amount of healthy B. tabaci nymphs and adults than of parasitised nymphs or E. mundus adults. The predator M. pygmaeus interfered with the reproduction of E. mundus females on cotton but not on tomato. However, B. tabaci nymphal mortality on tomato associated with parasitoid host feeding was also lower when the adult parasitoids coexisted with the predators. The joint release of M. pygmaeus and E. mundus adults did not increase the control of the whitefly B. tabaci. Keywords: intraguild predationbiological controlpredatorparasitoidsprey preferencevegetables Acknowledgements We would like to thank Pilar Hernández and Victor Muñoz for their technical assistance, to Dan Gerling, Núria Agustí and Agnès Ardanuy for their comments on an earlier version of the manuscript and to two anonymous reviewers for their wise comments. This research was funded by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología (MCyT) (projects AGL2007-60371 and AGL2010-18811).
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Claims 6
Claim · model-written summary
Macrolophus pygmaeus preferred Bemisia tabaci over Eretmocerus mundus as prey.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Interactor
- B. tabaci
Bemisia tabacie0pest - Second interactor
- E. mundusEretmocerus munduse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- M. pygmaeus preferred to consume B. tabaci over E. munduse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“M. pygmaeus preferred to consume B. tabaci over E. mundus when immature stages and adults of B. tabaci and E. mundus were offered.”
e1“Mediterranean tomato greenhouses”
Claim · model-written summary
The predator consumed more healthy whitefly nymphs and adults than parasitised nymphs or parasitoid adults.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Second interactor
- E. mundusEretmocerus munduse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- larger amount of healthy B. tabaci nymphs and adultse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- parasitised nymphs or E. mundus adultse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“They consumed a larger amount of healthy B. tabaci nymphs and adults than of parasitised nymphs or E. mundus adults.”
e1“Mediterranean tomato greenhouses”
Claim · model-written summary
Macrolophus pygmaeus interfered with Eretmocerus mundus reproduction on cotton.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Interactor
- E. mundusEretmocerus munduse0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- M. pygmaeus
Macrolophus pygmaeuse0biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- reproduction of E. mundus femalese0
- Direction
- interferede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The predator M. pygmaeus interfered with the reproduction of E. mundus females on cotton but not on tomato.”
Claim · model-written summary
Macrolophus pygmaeus did not interfere with Eretmocerus mundus reproduction on tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- E. mundusEretmocerus munduse0biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- M. pygmaeusMacrolophus pygmaeuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- reproduction of E. mundus femalese0
- Direction
- note0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The predator M. pygmaeus interfered with the reproduction of E. mundus females on cotton but not on tomato.”
Claim · model-written summary
Whitefly nymph mortality linked to parasitoid host feeding on tomato was lower when predators coexisted.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Second interactor
- parasitoidse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- B. tabaci nymphal mortalitye0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Comparator
- when the adult parasitoids coexisted with the predatorse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“B. tabaci nymphal mortality on tomato associated with parasitoid host feeding was also lower when the adult parasitoids coexisted with the predators.”
Claim · model-written summary
Joint predator and parasitoid release did not increase control of Bemisia tabaci.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- joint release of M. pygmaeus and E. mundus adultse0
- Interactor
- B. tabaciBemisia tabacie0pest
- Second interactor
- M. pygmaeusMacrolophus pygmaeuse0biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- control of the whitefly B. tabacie0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
- Qualifier
- E. munduse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The joint release of M. pygmaeus and E. mundus adults did not increase the control of the whitefly B. tabaci.”
e1“Mediterranean tomato greenhouses”
The same questions in other papers
Macrolophus pygmaeus · Bemisia tabaci · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Eretmocerus mundus · Bemisia tabaci · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.