Abstract
Growing cover crops in systems under no tillage affects different pools of soil organic matter, and eventually soil physical attributes are modified. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil organic matter and their relationship with soil physical attributes as affected by plant species grown in rotation with soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under no-till for 3 yr. Crop rotations included grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], ruzigrass [Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evard) Crins] and sorghum mixed with ruzigrass, all grown in fall/winter, followed by pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke], sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) and sorghum–sudangrass [S. bicolor × S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf] grown during the spring, plus a fallow check plot. Soybean was grown as the summer crop. Millet and sorghum–sudangrass cropped in spring showed higher root and shoot production as spring cropping. In fall/winter, sorghum mixed with ruzigrass yielded higher phytomass compared with sole cropping. Soil physical attributes and organic matter fractioning were positively affected by cropping millet and sorghum–sudangrass whereas intermediate effects were observed after sunn hemp. Maintaining fallow in spring had negative effects on soil organic matter and physical properties. Ruzigrass and sorghum mixed with ruzigrass cropped in fall/winter resulted in better soil quality. Spring cover crops were more efficient in changing soil bulk density, porosity, and aggregates down to 0 to 10 cm; on the other hand, fall/winter cropping showed significant effects on bulk density in the uppermost soil layer. Total C levels in soil were increased after a 3-yr rotation period due to poor initial physical conditions. Fractions of particulate organic C, microbial C, and C in macroaggregates were the most affected by crop rotations, and showed high relation with improved soil physical attributes (porosity, density, and aggregates larger than 2 mm).
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Spring millet produced higher root and shoot biomass.
Verbatim
e0“Millet and sorghum–sudangrass cropped in spring showed higher root and shoot production as spring cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring sorghum–sudangrass produced higher root and shoot biomass.
- Taxon
- sorghum–sudangrass
Sorghum
Sorghum ×drummondiie0 - Organ / stage
- root and shoote0
- Outcome
- root and shoot productione0
- Direction
- highere0
- Setting
- springe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Millet and sorghum–sudangrass cropped in spring showed higher root and shoot production as spring cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum mixed with ruzigrass yielded higher fall/winter phytomass than sole cropping.
- Treatment
- sorghum mixed with ruzigrasse0
- Outcome
- phytomasse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Comparator
- sole croppinge0
- Setting
- fall/wintere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In fall/winter, sorghum mixed with ruzigrass yielded higher phytomass compared with sole cropping”
Claim · model-written summary
Millet cropping improved soil physical attributes and organic matter fractions.
- Taxon
- millete0
- Treatment
- cropping millete0
- Outcome
- Soil physical attributes and organic matter fractioninge0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Soil physical attributes and organic matter fractioning were positively affected by cropping millet and sorghum–sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Sorghum–sudangrass cropping improved soil physical attributes and organic matter fractions.
- Taxon
- sorghum–sudangrassSorghumSorghum ×drummondiie0
- Treatment
- cropping millet and sorghum–sudangrasse0
- Outcome
- Soil physical attributes and organic matter fractioninge0
- Direction
- positively affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil physical attributes and organic matter fractioning were positively affected by cropping millet and sorghum–sudangrass”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunn hemp had intermediate effects on soil physical attributes and organic matter fractions.
- Taxon
- sunn hemp
Crotalaria junceae0 - Treatment
- sunn hempe0
- Outcome
- intermediate effectse0
- Direction
- intermediatee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Soil physical attributes and organic matter fractioning were positively affected by cropping millet and sorghum–sudangrass whereas intermediate effects were observed after sunn hemp”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring fallow harmed soil organic matter and physical properties.
- Taxon
- Soybean
Glycine maxe1 - Treatment
- Maintaining fallow in springe0
- Outcome
- soil organic matter and physical propertiese0
- Direction
- negativee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Maintaining fallow in spring had negative effects on soil organic matter and physical properties”
e1“Soybean was grown as the summer crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall/winter ruzigrass improved soil quality.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Ruzigrass and sorghum mixed with ruzigrass cropped in fall/winter resulted in better soil quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall/winter sorghum mixed with ruzigrass improved soil quality.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Ruzigrass and sorghum mixed with ruzigrass cropped in fall/winter resulted in better soil quality”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring cover crops changed soil bulk density, porosity, and aggregates down to 0 to 10 cm more efficiently.
- Taxon
- Millete1
- Treatment
- Spring cover cropse0
- Outcome
- soil bulk density, porosity, and aggregatese0
- Direction
- more efficiente0
- Qualifier
- down to 0 to 10 cme0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Spring cover crops were more efficient in changing soil bulk density, porosity, and aggregates down to 0 to 10 cm”
e1“Millet and sorghum–sudangrass cropped in spring”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall/winter cropping significantly affected bulk density in the uppermost soil layer.
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“fall/winter cropping showed significant effects on bulk density in the uppermost soil layer”
e1“Ruzigrass and sorghum mixed with ruzigrass cropped in fall/winter”
Claim · model-written summary
Total soil C increased after a three-year rotation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- 3-yr rotation periode0
- Outcome
- Total C levels in soile0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- poor initial physical conditionse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total C levels in soil were increased after a 3-yr rotation period due to poor initial physical conditions”
e1“Soybean was grown as the summer crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Particulate organic C, microbial C, and C in macroaggregates were the fractions most affected by rotation.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- crop rotationse0
- Outcome
- Fractions of particulate organic C, microbial C, and C in macroaggregatese0
- Direction
- most affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fractions of particulate organic C, microbial C, and C in macroaggregates were the most affected by crop rotations”
e1“Soybean was grown as the summer crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Those carbon fractions were highly related to improved soil porosity, density, and large aggregates.
- Taxon
- SoybeanGlycine maxe1
- Treatment
- crop rotationse0
- Outcome
- improved soil physical attributes (porosity, density, and aggregates larger than 2 mm)e0
- Qualifier
- high relatione0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fractions of particulate organic C, microbial C, and C in macroaggregates were the most affected by crop rotations, and showed high relation with improved soil physical attributes (porosity, density, and aggregates larger than 2 mm)”
e1“Soybean was grown as the summer crop”
The same questions in other papers
rotation · soil: chemistry · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- negative
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.